Abstract
Buddhism is considered the fourth largest religion in the world, with nearly 350 million adherents. This figure could, in fact, be higher for various reasons. First, in some countries such as China, Japan, Vietnam, and Taiwan, religious syncretism stamps popular culture, so that people alternately practice cults inspired by popular beliefs but also blended with more complex religious systems such as Buddhism, Daoism, or Shinto. Political reasons also, especially in the case of communist regimes, can play a role in governmental data underestimating the reality of religion in favor of its secularist propaganda.
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Notes
Sukhavativyuha Sutra (Wuliang Shou Jing 無量壽經). There is a shorter version, The Sutra of Visualizing the Buddha of Immeasurable Length of Life (Fo Shuo Wuliang Shou Jing 佛說無量壽經). English translation of both sutras, Luis O. Gómez, Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless Light: Sanskrit and Chinese versions of the Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutras (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996).
Methangkun Bunmi (1986), Khon pen kathoey dai yang rai (How Can People Be Kathoeys?) referred to by Jackson (1998), 82.
Li Yinhe, Wang Xiaobo (1992), Tamende Shijie, Zhongguo Nan Tongxinglian Qunluo Toushi (Their World, A Look inside the Male Homosexual Community, 他们 的世界•中国男同性恋群落透视). Professor Li Yinhe has published a second book on the subject in 1998, Tongxinglian Ya Wenhua (The Homosexual Subculture, 同性恋亚文化), in which she demonstrates unavoidable changes in Chinese society, which must now take on the reality of homosexual unions and accept some form of legal recognition.
Liu Dalin (2005), Zhongguo Tongxinglian Yanjiu (Study on Chinese Gays, 中国同性恋研究), Beijing Shi: Zhongguo Shehui Chubanshe (China Social Press, 北京市•中国社会出版社).
Liu Dalin (达临; 1992), Zhongguo dang dai xing wen hua: Zhongguo liang wan li “xing wen ming” diao cha bao gao Zhongguo Dandai Xingwenhua (Sexual Behaviour in Modern China: A Report of the Nation-wide “Sex Civilisation” Survey on 20 000 Subjects in China, 中国当代性文化•中国两万例“性文明”调查报告, Xinhua shudian Shanghai). See Cristini, 72.
Ricci, China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matthew Ricci, 1583–1610, trans. Louis J. Gallagher, Random House, New York, 1953, 402. Gernet, 290.
Matteo Ricci wrote in 1595 Jiaoyou Lun (On Friendship, 交友論) and in 1647 another Jesuit Martino Martini wrote, Qiuyou Pian (The Search for Friends, 逑友篇). Timothy James Billings translated On Friendship (Columbia University Press, 2009).
Ihara Saikaku, The Great Mirror of Male Love, trans. Paul Gordon Schalow (1990).
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© 2013 Pierre Hurteau
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Hurteau, P. (2013). Buddhism. In: Male Homosexualities and World Religions. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137340535_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137340535_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
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