Abstract
The period commonly associated with sexual revolution in Britain — roughly between 1965 and 1970 — saw what historian Hera Cook calls an ‘astonishing’ ‘pace of change’.1 Joe Orton was upending sexual and relationship norms in the theatre, television was broaching sex as never before and Mick Jagger was (paradoxically) getting ‘no satisfaction’. Government ushered in a raft of liberalising measures — partially legalising abortion and homosexuality in 1967 and introducing no-fault divorce in 1969. The initial stipulation that the pill be available only to married women (from 1961) was lifted in 1966.2 After pacifist Dr Alex Comfort’s reissue of Sex in Society in 1963 and his appearance in a BBC TV debate in the same year (giving the book a much higher profile than the original 1950 edition) came William Masters and Virginia Johnson’s Human Sexual response (1966) and David Reuben’s Everything You Wanted to Know about Sex (1969). They each in different ways emphasised what Comfort subsequently dubbed ‘the Joy of Sex’ in his 1972 classic. San Francisco’s infamous 1967 summer of love crossed the Atlantic and played out piecemeal in London’s Soho, Kings Road and Notting Hill. It brought hippies, free love and psychedelic drug culture into clearer view. Different — and certainly wider use of — recreational drugs marked a distinction between the generation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Cook H (2004) The Long Sexual Revolution: English Women, Sex, and Contraception, 1800–1975. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 293.
Ibid., 272–3.
Ibid., 350.
Polan B (2009) The Great Fashion Designers. Oxford: Berg, 104.
This assessement echoes arguments made by: Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won: The Remaking of Erotic and Intimate Life. London: Routledge; Cook H (2004) Sexual Revolution; Mort F (2010) Capital Affairs: London and the Making of the Permissive Society. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
Cook M (ed., 2007) A Gay History of Britain: Love and Sex Between Men Since the Middle Ages. Oxford: Greenwood World, ch. 6.
Obelkevich J (1994) Consumption. In: Obelkevich J & Catterall P (eds) Understanding Post-War British Society. London: Routledge, 144.
Giles J (1995) Women, Identity and Private Life in Britain, 1900–50. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 28.
Holden K (2010) The Shadow of Marriage: Singleness in England, 1914–60. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 27.
Kynaston D (2009) Family Britain, 1951–1957. New York: Walker & Co, 165; Herzog D (ed., 2009) Brutality and Desire: War and Sexuality in Europe’s Twentieth Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; Harris C (1994) The Family in Post-War Britain. In: Obelkevich J & Catterall P (eds) Understanding Post-War British Society. London: Routledge, 144.
On these points see especially: Leighton S (2009) The 1950s Home. Oxford: Shire; Echlin S (1983) At Home in the 1950s. Harlow: Longman.
Dollimore J (1983) The Challenge of Sexuality. In: Sinfield A (ed.) Society and Literature. London: Methuen, 60–1; Hall L (2000) Sex, Gender and Social Change in Britain since 1880. Basingstoke: Macmillan, ch. 9.
See Hornsey R (2010) The Spiv and the Architect: Unruly Life in Postwar London. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 77.
Houlbrook M (2005) Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918–1957. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 192.
Kalliney PJ (2006) Cities of Affluence and Anger: A Literary Geography of Modern Englishness.Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 122.
Shepherd S (1989) Because We’re Queers: The Life and Crimes of Kenneth Halliwell and Joe Orton. London: Gay Mens Press, 137.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 45.
Mort F (2006) Scandalous Events: Metropolitan Culture and Moral Change in Post-Second World War London. Representations 93 (1.1.2006), 106–37; Hornsey R (2010) The Spiv, 83; Kynaston observes the ‘anti-Victorianism’ of post-war society: Kynaston D (2009) Family, 96; Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 42.
On the bed-sit girl see: Armstrong M (2011) A Room in Chelsea: Quentin Crisp at Home. Visual Culture in Britain 12:2, 155–69.
For a vivid sense of this see: Steedman C (1986) Landscape for a Good Woman: A Story of Two Lives. London: Virago; Summerfield P (1994) Women in Britain Since 1945: Companionate Marriage and the Double Burden. In: Obelkevich J & Catterall P (eds) Understanding Post-War British Society. London: Routledge; Kynaston D (2009) Family, 46, 104, 152–3; Rowbotham S (2000) Promise of a Dream: Remembering the Sixties. London: Allen Lane; Wilson E (1980) Only Halfway to Paradise: Women in Postwar Britain 1945–1968. London: Tavistock.
Addison P (2010) No Turning Back: The Peacetime Revolutions of Post-War Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 96; Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 42; see also: Mort F (2010) Capital Affairs, 109; Kynaston D (2009) Family, 46, 54–5.
Cook M (2014) Queer Domesticities: Homosexuality and Home Life in Twentieth Century London. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, section III, introduction.
Ibid., ch. 5.
Hall L (2000) Sex; Mort F (2010) Capital Affairs; Porter M (2010) Gender Identity and Sexual Identity. In: Thane P (ed.) Unequal Britain: Equalities in Britain since 1945. London: Continuum.
Hall L (2000) Sex, ‘The 1950s’.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 67.
See, for example: Waters C (1998) Havelock Ellis, Sigmund Freud and the State: Discourses of Homosexual Identity in Interwar Britain. In: Bland L & Doan LL (eds) Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires. Cambridge: Polity.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 42.
Ibid., 23.
Clark A (2008) Desire: A History of European Sexuality. London: Routledge, 205; on British youth culture see: Horn A (2009) Juke Box Britain: Americanisation and Youth Culture, 1945–1960. Manchester: Manchester University Press; Fowler D (2008) Youth Culture in Modern Britain, C. 1920–1970: From Ivory Tower to Global Movement — a New History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; Marwick A (1998) The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, C.1958–1974. Oxford: Oxford University Press; on the impact on interior design see: Sparke P (1995) As Long as It’s Pink: The Sexual Politics of Taste. London: Pandora, 188.
McCarthy H (2010) Gender Equality. In: Thane P (ed.) Unequal Britain.
Cook M (2007) A Gay History of Britain, ch. 5.
Court cases involving sodomy, gross indecency and indecent assault had risen from 719 in 1938 in England and Wales to 2,504 in 1955. There is as yet no evidence of a coordinated purge. Weeks J (1977) Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present. London: Quartet Books, 158; Houlbrook M (2005) Queer London; Higgins P (1996) Heterosexual Dictatorship: Male Homosexuality in Postwar Britain. London: Fourth Estate.
See Cook M (2012) Warm Homes in Cold Climate: Rex Batten and His ‘Evidence of Experience’. In: Bauer H & Cook M (eds) Queer 1950s: rethinking sexuality in the post war years. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
On these shifts see especially: Fowler D (2008) Youth Culture; Marwick A (1998), The Sixties; Tickner L & Peters Corbett D (eds, 2012) British Art in the Cultural Field, 1939–1969. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
White J (2002) London in the Twentieth Century. A City and Its People. London: Penguin, 227.
Davies C (1975) Permissive Britain: Social Change in the Sixties and Seventies. London: Pitman, 65.
White J (2002) London in the Twentieth Century, 137, 341.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 69.
Jeffreys S (1990) Anticlimax: A Feminist Perspective on the Sexual Revolution. London: Women’s Press.
Hoggart L (2003) Feminist Campaigns for Birth Control and Abortion Rights in Britain. Lewiston, NY; Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press.
Cook M (2014) Queer Domesticities, chs 5 & 6.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 67.
Thane P (1999) Population Politics in Post-war British Culture. In: Mort F, Waters C & Conekin B (eds) Moments of Modernity: Reconstructing Britain 1954–1964. London: Rivers Oram.
Cook H (2004) Sexual Revolution, 287.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 73.
Ibid.
Robinson L (2007) Gay Men and the Left in Post-War Britain: How the Personal Got Political. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Cook M (13.11.2011) ‘Gay Times’: Identity, Locality, Memory, and the Brixton Squats in 1970’s London. Twentieth Century British History, doi:10.1093/tcbh/ hwr053.
Barrett M & McIntosh M (1991) The Anti-Social Family. London: Verso, 33.
Robinson L (2007) Gay Men and the Left, 86.
See especially: Segal L (1987) Is the Future Female?: Troubled Thoughts on Contemporary Feminism. London: Virago.
Beckett A (2009) When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies. London: Faber, 245.
Black J (2004) Britain since the Seventies: Politics and Society in the Consumer Age. London: Reaktion, 121.
Segal L (2007) Making Trouble: Life and Politics. London: Serpent’s Tail; Segal L (1999) Why Feminism? Gender, Psychology, Politics. Cambridge: Polity.
Cook H (2004) Sexual Revolution, ch. 14.
Cited in Jivani A (1997) It’s Not Unusual: A History of Lesbian and Gay Britain in the Twentieth Century. London: Michael O’Mara, 56.
Cook M (2007) A Gay History of Britain, 183–4.
Cited in: Peake T (2001) Derek Jarman. London: Abacus, 60.
Carl Marshall, ‘Betty’s Bastard 1963–1965’. Unpublished memoir, 5.
Cook M (2007) A Gay History of Britain, 182.
Rayside D (1998) On the Fringe: Gays and Lesbians in Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 23.
Bosche S (1983) Jenny lives with Eric and Martin. London: Gay Men’s Press.
Cook M (2007) A Gay History of Britain, 206.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 15, 10.
See: Roseneil S (2000) Common Women, Uncommon Practices: The Queer Feminisms of Greenham. London: Cassell.
Segal L (1987) Is the future female? 224.
Cooper D (1992) Off the Banner and onto the Agenda: The Emergence of a New Municipal Lesbian and Gay Politics, 1979–1986. Critical Social Policy 36, 22.
Ibid., 34.
Ibid., 24.
Cook M (2014) Queer Domesticities, sec. IV, intro.
Jeffery-Poulter S (1991) Peers, Queers and Commons: The Struggle for Gay Law Reform from 1950 to the Present. London: Routledge, 204; Cooper D (1992) Off the Banner, 35.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 8; see also: Lewis J (2001) The End of Marriage? Individualism and intimate relations. Cheltenham: Elgar; Williams F (2004) Rethinking Families. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation; Smart C (2004) Changing Landscapes of Family Life: Rethinking Divorce. Social Policy and Society 3:4, 401–8.
Smart C (2007) Personal Life: New Directions in Sociological Thinking. Cambridge: Polity, 27; see also Ridley, ‘Preface’, 5.
See essays in: Barker M & Langdridge L (eds, 2010) Understanding Non-monogamies. London: Routledge.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won, 65; see also: Bauman Z (2003) Liquid Love: On the Frailty of Human Bonds. Cambridge: Polity Press; Hennessy R (2000) Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism. London: Routledge.
Weeks J (2007) The World We Have Won.
See, for example: Gray J (1993) Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus: A Practical Guide for Improving Communication and Getting What You Want in Your Relationships. London: Thorsons.
Britain 2008: A Nation in Thrall to Thatcherism. The Independent (23.1.2008).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2014 Matt Cook
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cook, M. (2014). Sexual Revolution(s) in Britain. In: Hekma, G., Giami, A. (eds) Sexual Revolutions. Genders and Sexualities in History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137321466_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137321466_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-45804-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-32146-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)