Abstract
In Namibia, the need for reintegration came as somewhat of a surprise. Ex-combatant protests jolted the government away from its assumption that reintegration would be spontaneous. In Mozambique, reintegration was on everyone’s mind. What changed in three years, from 1989 to 1992? In short: Angola. In Angola, UNITA denounced election results in the autumn of 1992 and led its rebel forces back to war against the government. Though not the cause of that country’s slide back into conflict, the failure to complete disarmament and demobilization prior to elections, coupled with the lack of any significant reintegration efforts, was widely perceived to have contributed to the re-mobilization of UNITA forces once the party’s leader decided to return to war.1 Policymakers in Mozambique, therefore, were operating in a context in which the failure of Angola loomed large.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
UNSC (1992) ‘Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Angola Verification Mission II’, S/24245, 7 July, p.10.
A. Ajello and P. Whitmann (2004) ‘Mozambique’, in Malone (ed.), p.450. See also A. Meldrum (1993) ‘Avoiding Another Angola’, Africa Report, 38, September, pp.46–9; Southern Africa Report (1993) ‘War and Peace and War: Another Angola? Politics and Peace in Mozambique’, 9:1. I have argued that preoccupation with the Angolan scenario precluded a long-term approach to ex-combatant reintegration in Mozambique: J. McMullin (2004) ‘Reintegration of Combatants: Were the Right Lessons Learned in Mozambique?’ International Peacekeeping, 11:4, 625–43.
UN (1995) The United Nations and Mozambique, UN Blue Book Series Vol. V (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information) pp.67, 69; Ajello and Whitman (2004), p.437.
UNDP (1997b) The Socio-Economic Reintegration of Demobilised Soldiers in Mozambique: The Soldiers’ View (Maputo: UNDP, October).
M. Newitt (1995) A History of Mozambique (London: Hurst & Company), p.564.
J. Schafer (2001) ‘Guerrillas and Violence in the War in Mozambique: De-Socialization or Re-Socialization?’ African Affairs, 100:399, 215–37.
M. Cahen (2005) ‘Success in Mozambique?’ in S. Chesterman, M. Ignatieff and R. Thakur (eds) Making States Work: State Failure and the Crisis of Governance (Tokyo: United Nations University Press), pp.219–20. RENAMO’s share of the vote has declined considerably since 2003, however.
S. Askin (1990) ‘Mission to RENAMO: The Militarization of the Religious Right’, Issue, 18:2, 30; A. Vines (1991) RENAMO: Terrorism in Mozambique (London: Centre for Southern African Studies, University of York, in association with James Currey); Newitt (1995), pp.570–1.
R. Gersony (1988) ‘Summary of Mozambican Refugee Accounts of Principally Conflict-Related Experience in Mozambique’ (Washington, DC: US Department of State, April). See also C. R. Hume (1994) Ending Mozambique’s War: The Role of Mediation and Good Offices (Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace Press), p.14.
W. Finnegan (1992) A Complicated War: The Harrowing of Mozambique (Berkeley: University of California Press), p.25.
S. M. Hill (2005) United Nations Disarmament Processes in Intra-State Conflict (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).
J. P. Borges-Coelho and A. Vines (1994) ‘Pilot Study on Demobilization and Re-integration of Ex-Combatants in Mozambique’ (Oxford: Refugee Studies Programme), p.16.
Ibid.
B. Rodolfo, with H. Sixpence and B. Mario (2005) ‘Mozambique: DDR Experience and Lessons Learned’, paper presented at the Conference on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Africa, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 21–23 June, p.9.
Ajello and Whitmann (2004), p.444; A. Ajello (1999) ‘Mozambique: Implementation of the 1992 Peace Agreement’, in C. Crocker, F. O. Hampson and P. R. Aall (eds) Herding Cats: Multi-Party Mediation in a Complex World (Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace Process), p.631.
IOM (2002) IOM Participation in Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (Geneva: IOM, 25 January).
C. Alden (2002) ‘Making Old Soldiers Fade Away: Lessons from the Reintegration of Demobilized Soldiers in Mozambique’, Security Dialogue, 33:3, 345.
M. Chachiua (1999) ‘Demilitarisation of Post-Conflict Societies: The Case of Demobilisation of Youth in Mozambique’, paper presented at ‘The Role of Youth in Conflict Prevention in Southern Africa’ conference, Livingstone, Zambia, 11–14 April.
C. B. Thompson (1999) ‘Beyond Civil Society: Child Soldiers as Citizens in Mozambique’, Review of African Political Economy, 26:80, 191–206.
P. Gastrow and M. Mosse (2002) ‘Organised Crime, Corruption and Governance in the SADC Region’, paper presented at the Institute for Security Studies Regional Seminar, Pretoria, 18–19 April; US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2012) World Factbook 2012: Mozambique, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html, accessed 1 July 2012; and UNODC (1999) The Drug Nexus in Africa (Vienna: UNODC, March), p.101 (fn.23).
I. B. Lundin, M. Chachiua, A. Gaspar, H. Guebuza and G. Mbilana (1999) ‘Reducing Costs through an Expensive Experience: The Impact of Demobilisation in Mozambique’, in Kingma (ed.); IOM (1996) After One Year: What is the Status of Reintegration in Mozambique? (Maputo: Information and Referral Service/Provincial Fund for Demobilized Soldiers, May).
D. H. Levine (2007) ‘Organizational Disruption and Change in Mozambique’s Peace Process’, International Peacekeeping, 14:3, 368.
Graduate Institute of International Studies (2001) Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p.64; Rodolfo et al. (2005), p.9.
E. Hennop (2001) ‘Operations Rachel, 1995–2001’, Occasional Paper No.53, Institute for Security Studies, November.
R. Synge (1997) Mozambique: UN Peacekeeping in Action 1992–94 (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace), p.112.
Newitt (1995), p.222; Nordstrom (1997); J. Hanlon (2010) ‘Mozambique: “The War Ended 17 Years Ago, But We Are Still Poor”’, Conflict, Security and Development, 10:1, 81; J. Hanlon (1996) Peace Without Profit: How the IMF Blocks Rebuilding in Mozambique (Oxford: James Currey), p.18.
J. M. Weinstein (2002) ‘Mozambique: A Fading UN Success Story’, Journal of Democracy, 13:1, 141–56. Bøås and Hatløy (2008) reach the same conclusion about Liberia.
B. Slattery (2003) ‘Development without Equality: An Interview with Raul Domingos’, Journal of International Affairs, 57:1, 129–34; Author’s interview (2003) [M7].
L. Polgreen (2012) ‘As Coal Boosts Mozambique, the Rural Poor Are Left Behind’, New York Times, 10 November, http://nyti.ms/UB6qQe, accessed 10 November 2012; S. Willett (1995) ‘Ostriches, Wise Old Elephants and Economic Reconstruction in Mozambique’, International Peacekeeping, 2:1, 43; Slattery (2003). The refrain, ‘Democracy does not fill our stomachs’, is commonly heard: see J. Armon, D. Hendrickson and A. Vines (1998) ‘The Mozambican Peace Process in Perspective’, Accord, No.3, January, Preface.
IMF (2007) ‘Republic of Mozambique: Fifth Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility’ (Washington, DC: IMF), p.4, cited in Hanlon (2010), p.78.
C. Reisinger (2009) ‘A Framework for the Analysis of Post-Conflict Situations: Liberia and Mozambique Reconsidered’, International Peacekeeping, 16:4, 490.
Ibid., p.491.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2013 Jaremey R. McMullin
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McMullin, J.R. (2013). Mozambique: Cash for All. In: Ex-Combatants and the Post-Conflict State. Rethinking Political Violence series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137312938_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137312938_5
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-33179-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-31293-8
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)