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Ex-Combatants and the Post-Conflict State pp 17–44Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Conceptualizing Reintegration Challenges

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Part of the book series: Rethinking Political Violence series ((RPV))

Abstract

To introduce my approach to analyzing reintegration challenges in the case studies, I have divided this conceptual chapter into sections that explore the contradictions and disagreements embedded in current approaches to reintegration of ex-combatants, before moving on to a section that looks at each set of reintegration challenges — programmatic, security, political, structural, and ideational — in more detail.

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Notes

  1. As Berdal notes, ex-combatants might be reluctant to ‘abandon a way of life which, however miserable, offers a measure of socio-psychological security’: M. Berdal (1996) Disarmament and Demobilisation after Civil Wars: Arms, Soldiers and the Termination of Armed Conflicts, Adelphi Paper 303 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies), p.17.

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  2. D. Keen (2009) ‘A Tale of Two Wars: Great Expectations, Hard Times’, Conflict, Security & Development, 9:4, 521.

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  3. These include ‘find[ing] a new civilian life’ and ‘reestablishing] roots in society’ [K. Kingma (ed.) (2000) Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts (Basingstoke: Macmillan), p.18]; ‘retraining and social absorption… into non-military, and especially income-generating, activities’ [S. M. Makinda (2003) ‘Disarmament and Reintegration of Combatants’, in W. Maley, C. Sampford and R. Thakur (eds) From Civil Strife to Civil Society: Civil and Military Responsibilities in Disrupted States (Tokyo: United Nations University Press), p.251]; acquiring ‘civilian status’ and gaining ‘access to civilian forms of work and income’ [Douglas et al. (2004), p.15]; and ‘wean[ing] the combatant from the military’ [J. Cilliers (1995) Dismissed: Demobilisation and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Africa (Halfway House, South Africa: Institute for Defence Policy), p.5].

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  4. R. Muggah (2006) ‘Emerging from the Shadow of War: A Critical Perspective on DDR and Weapons Reduction in the Post-conflict Period’, Contemporary Security Policy, 27:1, 198; Lutz (2001), p.8; C. Nordstrom (1997) A Different Kind of War Story (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press), pp.46–7.

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  5. UNDP uses the terms ‘outputs’, ‘activities’, and ‘inputs’ in ways that roughly coincide with my conceptualization of ‘programs’ and the terms ‘results’, ‘goals’, ‘impact’, and ‘outcomes’ to describe the aims of a reintegration process: UNDP (2009) How To Guide: Monitoring and Evaluation for DDR Programmes (New York: UNDP, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery), pp.9–11.

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  6. This criticism is echoed in K. M. Jennings (2007) ‘“The Struggle to Satisfy”: DDR through the Eyes of Ex-combatants in Liberia’, International Peacekeeping, 14:2, 204–18; K. M. Jennings (2008) ‘Unclear Ends, Unclear Means: Reintegration in Post-War Societies — The Case of Liberia’, Global Governance, 14:3, 327–45; J. Weinstein and M. Humphreys (2005) Disentangling the Determinants of Successful Demobilization and Reintegration, Working Paper No.69, Center for Global Development, September; R. Muggah (2005) ‘No Magic Bullet: A Critical Perspective on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and Weapons Reduction in Post-Conflict Contexts’, The Round Table, 94:379, 239–52; B. Pouligny (2004) ‘The Politics and Anti-Politics of Contemporary “Disarmament, Demobilization & Reintegration” Programs’, Geneva, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales (CERI) and the Secrétariat Général de la Défense Nationale, France (SGDN), September, p.5; J. Spear (2002) ‘Disarmament and Demobilization’, in S. J. Stedman, D. Rothschild and E. M. Cousens (eds) Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements (Boulder: Lynne Rienner), pp.141–82; and S. Meek and M. Malan (eds) (2004) ‘Identifying Lessons from DDR Experiences in Africa’, Report of the Workshop ‘Identifying Lessons from DDR Experiences in Africa’, Institute for Security Studies and the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana, 10–12 August.

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    Jaremey R. McMullin (Lecturer)

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McMullin, J.R. (2013). Conceptualizing Reintegration Challenges. In: Ex-Combatants and the Post-Conflict State. Rethinking Political Violence series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137312938_2

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