Abstract
In the following pages, my engagement with the topic of Shakespeare and conflict from a European perspective will centre on aspects of translating Shakespeare into certain minority languages of Europe in those conflictive situations that sociolinguists call diglossia and language secessionism.1
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Harold F. Schiffman, ‘Diglossia as a Socio linguistic Situation’, in The Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. by Florian Coulmas (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 205–16.
Among others, Miquel Strubell, ‘Catalan in Valencia: The Story of an Attempted Secession’, in Sprachstandardisierung = Standardisation des langues = Standardization of languages, ed. by Georges Lüdi (Freiburg: Universitätsverlag Freiburg, 1994), 229–55.
Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia and the Politics of Culture (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2000);
Robert Greenberg, Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Louis-Jean Calvet, Language Wars and Linguistic Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 29.
Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, ed. by Christopher Moseley (Paris, UNESCO, 2010), online version: http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas (first consulted 1 October 2009; last accessed 5 May 2011);
Tapani Salminen, UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe, 1999, online at http://www.helsinki.fl/~tasalmin/europe_index.html (accessed 5 May 2011).
Helena Buffery, Shakespeare in Catalan: Franslating Imperialism (Cardiff: University of Wales, 2007). The BBC series was produced between 1979 and 1984; the Catalan-dubbed versions of the 37 plays were shown between April 1984 and December 1991.
Eric Hoekstra, ‘Shakespeare’s Sonnets in West Frisian’, in William Shakespeare’s Sonnets for the First Time Globally Reprinted. A Quatercentenary Anthology 1609–2009, ed. by Manfred Pfister and Jürgen Gutsch (Dozwil: SIGNAThUR, 2009), 249–53 (250).
Romansch in 1985 (Manfred Gross, Romansh: Facts & Figures (Chur: Lia Rumantscha, 2004), 92);
Friulian in 1996 (Paolo Coluzzi, ‘Regional and Minority Languages in Italy’, Working Papers, 14 (2004), 1–38 (21)); the Academy of Asturian Language was created in 1981, a grammar issued in 1998 and a dictionary in 2000
(Roberto González-Quevedo, ‘Normativización de la lengua asturiana’, in La configuració social de la norma lingüística a l’Europa Ilatina, ed. by Antoni Ferrando and Miquel Nicolás (Alacant: Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana, 2006), 355–74).
Similarly, reception studies of Greek and Roman classics also show that the translations of classical authors constitute an index ‘for the analysis of change in scholarly, educational and artistic conventions’: see Lorna Hardwick, Franslating Worlds, Franslating Cultures (London: Duckworth, 2000), 34. The comparability of the two situations confirms Shakespeare’s status as a classic from a sociolinguistic perspective.
This comparison is inspired by Roshni Mooneeram’s From Creole to Standard: Shakespeare, Language, and Literature in a Postcolonial Context (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009), Chapters 4 and 5.
See Dídac Pujol, Traduir Shakespeare: Les reflexions dels traductors Catalans ((?): Punctum & Trilcat, 2007), 75–80 and 101–12.
For a full discussion, see Jesús Tronch-Pérez, ‘Non-Catalyst and Marginal Shakespeares in the Nineteenth-Century Revival of Catalan-Speaking Cultures’, Shakespeare Survey, 64 (2011), 188–98.
See Joan-Lluís Marfany, ‘Minority Languages and Literary Revivals’, Past and Present, 184 (2004), 137–67.
J. Derrick McLure, ‘Scots for Shakespeare’, in Shakespeare and the Language of Translation, ed. by Ton Hoenselaars (London: Thomson Learning, 2004), 217–39 (219).
Karl W. Deutsch, ‘The Trend of European Nationalism’, in Readings in the Sociology of Language, ed. by J. Fishman (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), 598–606;
David D. Laitin, ‘Language and States’, Estudio/Working Paper, 1990/3 (Madrid: Inst. Juan March, 1990).
Màrio J. Herreiro Valeiro, ‘The Discourse of Language in Galiza: Normalisation, Diglossia and Conflict’, Estudios de Sociolingüística, 3 (2003), 289–320;
Jaine E. Beswick, Regional Nationalism in Spain: Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Galicia (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2007), 84–90, 125–34.
Derived from the work of Loïs Alibert, Gramatica occitana segón los parlars lengadocians (Tolosa: Societat d’Estudis Occitans, 1935) and institutionalized by the Institut d’Estudis Occitans (founded in 1945) and Conselh de Lenga Occitana (1997).
Itamar Even-Zohar, ‘The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem’, in Literature and Translation: New Perspectives in Literary Studies, ed. by James S. Holmes, José Lambert and Raymond van den Broeck (Leuven: Acco, 1978), 117–27.
Jelle Krol, ‘West Frisian Literature in Translation’, in Handbuch des Friesischen / Handbook of Frisian Studies, ed. by Horst H. Munske, with N. Arhammar (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 2001), 232–44 (238).
John Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation into Scots (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1999), 173.
For accounts in English, see Miquel Angel Pradilla, ‘The Catalan-speaking Communities’, in Multilingualism in Spain, ed. by M. Teresa Turell (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2001), 58–90;
Francisco Giménez-Menéndez and José Ramón Gómez-Molina, ‘Spanish and Catalan in the Community of Valencia’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 184 (2007), 95–107; and
Miguel Siguan, Multilingual Spain (Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger, 1993).
M. Sanchis Guarner, La Ilengua dels valencians (Valencia: Tres i Quatre, 1980), 39–64, 183–202. For accounts in English, see Strubell ‘Catalan in Valencia’, and
Vicent Climent-Ferrando, ‘The Origins and Evolution of Language Secessionism in Valencia: An Analysis from the Transition Period until Today’, Working Papers, 18 (2005), 1–53.
Rafael L. Ninyoles, Conflicte Lingüístic Valencià (Valencia: Tres i Quatre, 1985), 108–16.
Josep Lluís Sirera, ‘Els espectacles i l’us del Valencià’, in Llibre blanc de l’ús del Valencià II, coord. by Honorat Ros (València: Publicacions de l’Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, 2007), 313–25 (314).
Manuel Ángel Conejero, Vicent Montait and Jesús Tronch, ‘Traduir Shakespeare al català: un esforç retòric i teatral’, in Actes del Primer Congrés Internacional sobre Traducció, ed. by Miquel Edo (Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1997), 899–906.
William Shakespeare, Macbeth: Copia d’actors, trans. by Manuel Ángel Conejero, Vicent Montait and Jesús Tronch (Valencia: Palau de la Música de València, 1991). The production, by theatre company Teatrejove, was directed by Jaime Pujol, following a previous production directed by Edward Wilson but with a different cast of young players.
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Tronch-Pérez, J. (2013). Translating Shakespeare in Sociolinguistic Conflicts: A Preliminary European Study. In: Dente, C., Soncini, S. (eds) Shakespeare and Conflict. Palgrave Shakespeare Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137311344_9
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