Abstract
In the short story “El tramo de la Muda” (The Trail of La Muda), Puerto Rican writer Ana Lydia Vega tackles the relationship between revolution, secrecy, and politics in the Puerto Rican nineteenth century. The year is 1868. The protagonist of the story, a well-spoken mulatto, based on the figure of Ramón E. Betances, accompanies various passengers in a horse carriage. Each passenger represents a pro-Spanish, conservative area of government. Crossing the trail of La Muda, he entertains them with a series of riddles that are telling them clues on where, where, when, and how the revolution will begin. Every time they fail a riddle, they need to pay him. As the game progresses, and the passengers fail to read all the clues they end up loosing their money. When the passenger exits the carriage, some words, written with his tobacco-stump, appear on the door: “¡GRACIAS POR CONTRIBUIR! CAPÁ PRIETO y PORVENIR!” (Thanks for your contribution! Capá Prieto for the Future!). It is from these words that the group discovers that there is obviously a Creole plan to revolt and that they were tricked to pay for it. Capá Prieto was one of the few secret societies involved in the Lares Revolt of 1868. To plan a revolution, secrecy and the “open
Acogieron con igual beneplácito aunque con cierta extrañeza, la condición expuesta por su autor de que se respetara el derecho al secreto y no se revelaran las respuestas a menos que fuesen descubiertas... Vagamente alarmado, el cura no pudo dejar de pensar que aquello empezaba a parecerse a una ceremonia de masones.
—Ana Lydia Vega, “El tramo de la Muda”1
[They happily supported, although uncomfortably, the condition given by the author of the riddle game, to respect the right to secrecy, and that answers should not be revealed unless they were discovered. Vaguely alarmed, the priest could not stop thinking that this riddle game started to look like a Masonic ritual].
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Notes
José G. Torres, “Apéndice, Bosquejo Histórico de la Masonería en Puerto Rico,” Congreso Masónico Inter-Antillano, San Juan septiembre 24–26, 1922, 234.
For the importance of Toussaint L’Ouverture, Dessalines, and Haiti and their speeches and writings in Europe and the United States, see Deborah Jenson, Beyond the Slave Narrative. Politics, Sex and the Manuscripts in the Haitian Revolution. Wendell Phillips (1811–1884) was an American abolitionist and advocate for Native Americans. He was an exceptional orator and agitator, advocate and lawyer, writer and debater.
During these years, Betances was reading the work of Belgian philosopher, mathematician, and hypnotist Joseph Remi Leopold Delboeuf (1831–1896). His philosophical and psychological experiments inspired William James and Sigmund Freud. In the 1880s, under the influence of Positivist science, Delboeuf wrote about the importance of freedom for humans and the entire material world. It is probable that the reference to animals at the end of Scaldado’s story also refers to Delboeuf’s work. See also Betances’s short story entitled “Nicolás, inteligencia de los animales,” Obras Completas, vol. III.
See Nancy R. Mirabal, “‘No Country but the One we Must Fight For’: The Emergence of an Antillean Nation and Community in New York City. 1860–1901,” Mambo Montage. The Latinization of New York, 57–72.
See Hostos’s Diary entries from January 9–10, 1870, quoted in Manuel Maldonado Denis, ed. Eugenio María de Hostos. America: The Struggle for Freedom. Anthology, 103–106.
Jorge Camacho follows Aline Helg when he points out that Martí recreated the paternalistic myth of the “debt” of Cuban blacks to Eastern Cuba’s planter class, for their “freedom” in 1868 so they could join in the insurgency. Camacho sees the fallacies of these historical assumptions (as black slaves were not freed in 1868, but complete emancipation came in 1886). Also, he criticizes Martí’s views of the assimilation of the black population through education, which I will discuss in detail in chapter 5. See his essay, “El miedo y la deuda: el negro las crónicas de Patria de José Martí,” Islas Quarterly Journal of Afro-Cuban Issues, 34–46.
See José Martí’s article, “Una orden secreta de africanos,” Patria (April 1, 1893), when he tells the story of Tomás Surí, a 70-year-old Afro-Cuban exiled in Key West who learned to read in his old age. José Martí. Obras Completas, vol. V, 324–325.
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© 2013 Jossianna Arroyo
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Arroyo, J. (2013). Technologies: Caribbean Knowledges, Imperial Critiques 1860–1900s. In: Writing Secrecy in Caribbean Freemasonry. New Directions in Latino American Cultures. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137305169_3
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