Abstract
The studies in this book, taken from a wide variety of locations and contexts across 200 years, have demonstrated the significance as well as the sometimes elusive nature of transnational military service. Even major state-on-state wars from the 1790s to the 1940s, when national armies and enforced conscription became pervasive, witnessed considerable transnational mobilization. More localized conflicts, and particularly civil wars, aroused transnational involvement, stimulated by a range of motives, the mix of which differed over time and by conflict. The history of transnational mobilization, raising as it does questions about national identity, about groups’ and individuals’ commitment to states and to ideological or religious causes, and about attitudes towards military service, allows us to begin assessing the long-term development of trends in warfare which have, at times, been described as emerging since the end of the Cold War. This book reminds us that fighting in the classic age of national armies was often conditioned by cross-cutting transnational loyalties or attachments, and demonstrates that the new ways of war described by Mary Kaldor, Martin Shaw and Peter Singer have deep historical roots.1
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Notes
Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Age (Cambridge, 1999);
Martin Shaw, The New Western Way of War: Risk-transfer War and its Crisis in Iraq (Cambridge, 2005);
Peter W. Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry (Ithaca and London, 2008).
David Kilcullen, The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One (London, 2009), pp. 28–38, 126–8.
Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina (Ware, 1999), p. 762.
Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations (London, 2002), pp. 207–18.
Thomas Hegghammer, ‘The rise of Muslim foreign fighters’, International Security, 35, no. 3 (2010), pp. 53–94.
For more on the role of foreign volunteers in Bosnia-Herzegovina, see: Evan Kohlmann, Al-Qaida’s Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network (Oxford and New York, 2004).
Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia, 2008), p. 157.
Sarah Percy, Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations (Oxford, 2007), pp. 225–6.
Deane-Peter Baker, Just Warriors, Inc.: The Ethics of Privatized Force (London, 2011), pp. 1–2.
See, for example, Roger Chickering and Stig Förster (eds), War in an Age of Revolution, 1775–1815 (Cambridge, 2010).
Avant, Deborah, ‘From Mercenary to Citizen Armies: Explaining Change in the Practice of War’, International Organization, 54:1 (2000), pp. 41–72.
Bell, David A., The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Modern Warfare (London, 2008).
Best, Geoffrey, War and Society in Revolutionary Europe 1770–1870 (Leicester, 1982).
Buckley, Roger Norman, Slaves in Red Coats: The British West India Regiments, 1795–1815 (New Haven, 1979).
Chickering, Roger and Förster, Stig (eds), War in an Age of Revolution, 1775–1815 (Cambridge, 2010).
Colás, Alejandro and Mabee, Bryan (eds), Mercenaries, Pirates, Bandits and Empire (London, 2010).
Goldstein, Joshua, War and Gender (Cambridge, 2004).
Heathcote, T. A., The Military in British India (Manchester, 1995).
Jackson, Michael W., Fallen Sparrows: The International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War (Philadelphia, 1994).
Kaldor, Mary, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Age (Cambridge, 1999).
Kilcullen, David, The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One (London, 2009).
Killingray, David and Omissi, David (eds), Guardians of Empire (Manchester, 1999).
Krüger, Christine G. and Levsen, Sonja (eds), War Volunteering in Modern Times: From the French Revolution to the Second World War (Basingstoke, 2011f).
Moran, Daniel and Waldron, Arthur (eds), The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution (Cambridge, 2003).
Omissi, David, Indian Voices of the Great War (Basingstoke, 1999).
Percy, Sarah, Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations (New York, 2007).
Sageman, Marc Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia, 2008).
Shaw, Martin, The New Western Way of War: Risk-transfer War and its Crisis in Iraq (Cambridge, 2005).
Singer, Peter W., Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry (Ithaca and London, 2008).
Thomson, Janice E., ‘International Norms and the Decline of Mercenarism’, International Studies Quarterly, 34:1 (1990), pp. 23–47.
Wimmer, A. and Glick Schiller, N., ‘Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: NationState Building, Migration and the Social Sciences’, Global Networks, 2:4 (2002), pp. 301–4.
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© 2013 Nir Arielli and Bruce Collins
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Arielli, N., Collins, B. (2013). Conclusions: Jihadists, Diasporas and Professional Contractors — The Resurgence of Non-state Recruitment since the 1980s. In: Arielli, N., Collins, B. (eds) Transnational Soldiers. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137296634_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137296634_15
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
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