Abstract
On June 18, 1954, President Dwight Eisenhower authorized the CIA to launch a paramilitary operation intended to topple the government of Guatemala. The campaign achieved its objective. In February 1960, Eisenhower ordered the director of the CIA to prepare another covert paramilitary campaign, this time to overthrow Cuba’s relatively new “Communist” regime. Eisenhower did not order the implementation of the CIA plan, but some three months after he had become president, John F. Kennedy authorized its director to execute a redesigned covert operation. The mission failed.
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Notes
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days—John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 240.
Lawrence S. Kaplan, Ronald D. Landa, Edward J. Drea, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense—The McNamara Ascendancy 1961–1965, vol. 5 (Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2006), 176.
Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (New York: Touchstone, 1994), 673.
Jim Rasenberger, The Brilliant Disaster: JFK, Castro, and America’s Doomed Invasion of Cuba’s Bay of Pigs (NY: Simon and Schuster, 2011), 141.
Richard M. Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 173.
See Herbert Kelman, “Compliance, Identification, and Internalization: Three Processes of Attitude Change.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 1, 1958: 51–60.
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© 2014 Alex Roberto Hybel
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Hybel, A.R. (2014). John F. Kennedy and the Decision to Intervene Covertly in Cuba. In: US Foreign Policy Decision-Making from Truman to Kennedy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137294869_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137294869_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-45163-0
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