Skip to main content

Nitrous Oxide Sources

  • Chapter

Abstract

As human impacts on the global nitrogen cycle grew rapidly from the industrial revolution onwards, human-induced nitrous oxide emissions also increased. Today, so-called ‘natural sources’ still account for 60 per cent of worldwide emissions each year, but the human-induced component is becoming an ever-larger part of the global budget1. An estimated 16 million tonnes of nitrogen are emitted each year as nitrous oxide (nitrous oxide-N), with around 10–12 million tonnes coming from natural sources and a further 6–8 million tonnes arising from human activities (Table 4.1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bouwman, L. et al. Drawing down N2O to protect climate and the ozone layer. A UNEP Synthesis Report. (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Solomon, S. Climate change 2007 — the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. Vol. 4. (Cambridge University Press, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kroeze, C., Bouwman, L. & Slomp, C. P. Sinks for nitrous oxide at the earth’s surface. In Greenhouse Gas Sinks, edited by D. Reay, C. N. Hewitt, K. Smith & J. Grace, 227–242 (CABI, Wallingford, UK, 2007).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Eggleston, S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T. & Tanabe, K. IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Japan (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Duce, R. A. et al. Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean. Science 320, 893–897, doi:10.1126/science.1150369 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Alley, R. B. The two-mile time machine: ice cores, abrupt climate change, and our future. (Princeton University Press, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Stocker, T. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Cambridge University Press, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wolff, E. & Spahni, R. Methane and nitrous oxide in the ice core record. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, 1775–1792 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sowers, T., Alley, R. B. & Jubenville, J. Ice core records of atmospheric N2O covering the last 106,000 years. Science 301, 945–948 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Petit, J.-R. et al. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399, 429–436 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Davidson, E. A. The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860. Nature Geoscience 2, 659–662, doi:10.1038/ngeo608 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Syakila, A. & Kroeze, C. The global nitrous oxide budget revisited. Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management 1, 17–26 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Reay, D. S., Hewitt, C. N. & Smith, K. A. Nitrous oxide: importance, sources and sinks. In Greenhouse Gas Sinks, edited by D. Reay, C. N. Hewitt, K. Smith & J. Grace, 201–206, doi:10.1079/9781845931896.0201 (CABI, Wallingford, UK, 2007).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Duce, R. et al. Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean. Science 320, 893–897 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Smith, K., Crutzen, P., Mosier, A. & Winiwarter, W. The global nitrous oxide budget: a reassessment. In Nitrous Oxide and Climate Change, edited by K. Smith, 63–84 (Earthscan, London, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Davidson, E. A. Soil water content and the ratio of nitrous oxide to nitric oxide emitted from soil. In Biogeochemistry of Global Change, edited by R. S. Oremland, 369–386 (Chapman & Hall, 1993).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Kroeze, C., Seitzinger, S. P. & Domingues, R. Future trends in worldwide river nitrogen transport and related nitrous oxide emissions: a scenario analysis. The Scientific World Journal 1 Suppl. 2, 328–335, doi:10.1100/tsw.2001.279 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kroeze, C. & Seitzinger, S. P. Nitrogen inputs to rivers, estuaries and continental shelves and related nitrous oxide emissions in 1990 and 2050: a global model. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 52, 195–212 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bange, H. W., Freing, A., Kock, A. & Löscher, C. Marine pathways to nitrous oxide. Nitrous Oxide and Climate Change, 36–54 (Earthscan, New York, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Codispoti, L. & Christensen, J. Nitrification, denitrification and nitrous oxide cycling in the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean. Marine Chemistry 16, 277–300 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Nevison, C. D., Weiss, R. F. & Erickson, D. J. Global oceanic emissions of nitrous oxide. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978–2012) 100, 15809–15820 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wiesen, P. Abiotic nitrous oxide sources: chemical industry and mobile and stationary combustion systems. In Nitrous Oxide and Climate Change, edited by K. Smith, 190–209 (Earthscan, London, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Erisman, J. W. et al. The European nitrogen problem in a global perspective. In The European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives, edited by M. A. Sutton et al., 9–31 (Cambridge University Press, UK, 2011).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  24. Jarvis, S. & Pain, B. Ammonia volatilization from agricultural land. Proceedings — Fertiliser Society 2, No. 298, 35 pp. (CABI, Wallingford, UK, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Butterbach-Bahl, K. et al. Nitrogen processes in terrestrial ecosystems. In The European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives, edited by M. A. Sutton et al., 6, 99–125 (Cambridge University Press, UK, 2011).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  26. Mosier, A. et al. Closing the global N(2)O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle — OECD/IPCC/IEA phase II development of IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventory methodology. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 52, 225–248, doi:10.1023/a:1009740530221 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Galloway, J. N. et al. The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience 53, 341–356 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Smith, S., Schepers, J. & Porter, L. Assessing and managing agricultural nitrogen losses to the environment. Advances in Soil Science, edited by B. A. Stewart, 14, 1–43 (Springer, 1990).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  29. Reay, D. S., Smith, K. A. & Edwards, A. C. Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural drainage waters. Global Change Biology 9, 195–203, doi:10.1046/j.1365–2486.2003.00584.x (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Reay, D. S., Edwards, A. C. & Smith, K. A. Importance of indirect nitrous oxide emissions at the field, farm and catchment scale. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 133, 163–169, doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.019 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Reay, D., Edwards, A. & Smith, K. Determinants of nitrous oxide emission from agricultural drainage waters. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus 4, 107–115 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Velthof, G. L., Kuikman, P. J. & Oenema, O. Nitrous oxide emission from soils amended with crop residues. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 62, 249–261 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rochette, P. & Janzen, H. H. Towards a revised coefficient for estimating N2O emissions from legumes. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 73, 171–179 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Oenema, O. et al. Trends in global nitrous oxide emissions from animal production systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 72, 51–65 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kampschreur, M. J., Temmink, H., Kleerebezem, R., Jetten, M. S. & van Loosdrecht, M. Nitrous oxide emission during wastewater treatment. Water Research 43, 4093–4103 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ajanovic, A. Biofuels versus food production: does biofuels production increase food prices? Energy 36, 2070–2076 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. FAOSTAT FAO Statistical database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://faostat.fao.org (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Bessou, C., Ferchaud, F., Gabrielle, B. & Mary, B. Biofuels, greenhouse gases and climate change. In Sustainable Agriculture Volume 2, edited by E. Lichtfouse et al., 365–468 (Springer, 2011).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  39. Crutzen, P. J., Mosier, A. R., Smith, K. A. & Winiwarter, W. N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, 389–395 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Reay, D. S. Not so sweet after all? Nature Climate Change 1, 174–174 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Williams, J. & Crutzen, P. Nitrous oxide from aquaculture. Nature Geoscience 3, 143–143 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Crutzen, P. J. & Andreae, M. O. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250, 1669–1678 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Cofer III, W., Levine, J., Winstead, E. & Stocks, B. New estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from biomass burning. Nature 349, 689–691 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Davis, M., Crowcier, C. & Richardson Jr, J. Importance of biomass burning in the atmospheric budgets of nitrogen-containing gases. Nature 346, 552–554 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Anderson, I. C., Levine, J. S., Poth, M. A. & Riggan, P. J. Enhanced biogenic emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide following surface biomass burning. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 93, 3893–3898 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Reay, D. S. et al. Global agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions. Nature Climate Change 2, 410–416, doi:10.1038/nclimate1458 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Pierotti, D. & Rasmussen, R. Combustion as a source of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 3, 265–267 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Hayhurst, A. & Lawrence, A. Emissions of nitrous oxide from combustion sources. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 18, 529–552 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Dasch, J. M. Nitrous oxide emissions from vehicles. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 42, 63–67 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Berges, M., Hofmann, R., Scharffe, D. & Crutzen, P. Nitrous oxide emissions from motor vehicles in tunnels and their global extrapolation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 98, 18527–18531 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Becker, K. et al. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 4134–4139 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Wiesen, P., Kleffmann, J., Kurtenbach, R. & Becker, K. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from aero engines. Geophysical Research Letters 21, 2027–2030 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Hunt, L. The ammonia oxidation process for nitric acid manufacture. Platinum Metals Review 2, 129–134 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Pérez-Ramırez, J., Kapteijn, F., Schöffel, K. & Moulijn, J. Formation and control of N2O in nitric acid production: where do we stand today? Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 44, 117–151 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Thiemens, M. H. & Trogler, W. C. Nylon production: an unknown source of atmospheric nitrous oxide. Science 251, 932–934 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Shimizu, A., Tanaka, K. & Fujimori, M. Abatement technologies for N2O emissions in the adipic acid industry. Chemosphere — Global Change Science 2, 425–434 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Reay, D. S., Dentener, F., Smith, P., Grace, J. & Feely, R. A. Global nitrogen deposition and carbon sinks. Nature Geoscience 1, 430–437, doi:10.1038/ngeo230 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Jaeglé, L., Steinberger, L., Martin, R. V. & Chance, K. Global partitioning of NOx sources using satellite observations: relative roles of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soil emissions. Faraday Discussions 130, 407–423 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2015 Dave Reay

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reay, D. (2015). Nitrous Oxide Sources. In: Nitrogen and Climate Change. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137286963_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics