Abstract
The use of a pinkish-red hue for Germany is an interesting convention to have adopted, in view of what we know about the associations of blood, energy and Britannia with that most prominent of cartographic shades. It is worth exploring whether there is an intended significance in the same shade of pink on different maps also being used to denote the extent of British power and wealth. In the case of purely political maps the link is a tenuous one at best, despite the significant dynastic and religious links which existed between Britain and Prussia at certain stages during this period.1 Given its status as the most prominent of colours in the British palette (as well as being the most vivid of available inks), the use of pinkish-red was common to denote the chief subject of a given map (for example ‘France’ or ‘European Russia’), and not therefore intended to connote any affinity with Britain or its empire.2 In one cartographic form however, this link was intended and concrete: that curiously nineteenth-century variety of physical geography: the demographic and ethnographic map.
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For use of orange, or buff: The Times Atlas, London: The Times, 1900, Maps 13–14; J. G. Bartholomew (ed.), Atlas of the World’s Commerce, London: G. Newnes [c.1907], Map 9; The ‘A. L.’ Pupils’ Atlas of Physical and Political Geography, Leeds & Glasgow: E. J. Arnold & Son, Ltd [c.1908], Maps 9–10; J. G. Bartholomew, Cassell’s Atlas, Special Edition, London: Cassell & Co., 1910, Map 52; J. G. Bartholomew (ed.), The Citizen’s Atlas of the World, Edinburgh: J. Bartholomew & Co., 1912, Maps 105–6; J. G. Bartholomew, Atlas of the World, London & Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1913, Maps 38–39.
On the use of such maps in determining frontiers: G. Palsky, ‘Emmanuel de Martonne and the Ethnographical Cartography of Central Europe (1917–1920)’, in Imago Mundi, Vol. 54, 2002, p. 113; August Petermann’s, ‘Das General-Gouvernement Elsass und die deutsch-französische Sprachgrenze’, in Petermann’s Geographische Mitteilungen, Vo.16, 1870, plate 22. On Austria-Hungary: Cussans, Parker, Winkleman, Oliver & Cheverton (eds), Times Atlas of European History, pp. 162–3; G. Parker (ed.), The Times Atlas of World History, 4th edn, London: Times Books, 1997, p. 210; R. Overy (ed.), The Times Complete History of the World, 6th edn, London: Times Books, 2004, p. 236.
R. McCrum, W. Cran and R. MacNeil, The Story of English: New and Revised Edition, London: Faber and Faber, 1992, pp. 53–72; M. Oergel, ‘The Redeeming Teuton: nineteenth century notions of the ‘Germanic’ in England and Germany’, in G. Cubitt (ed.), Imagining Nations, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, p. 75.
J. B. Bury(ed.), The Historical Geography of Europe, London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1903, p. 554.
J. Espenhorst, Petermann’s Planet: A Guide to German Hand-atlases and their Siblings throughout the World, 1800–1950, Volume I: The Great Handatlases, G. R. Crossman (ed. and trans.), Schwerte: Pangaea Verlag, 2003, p. 557.
Espenhorst, Petermann’s Planet, p. 610; S. Nowell-Smith, The House of Cassell, London: Cassell & Co., 1958, pp. 167–8; S. Barclay, ‘Publishing the World: Perspectives on The Times Atlas’, in The Scottish Geographical Journal, Vol. 120, Parts 1 & 2, 2004, pp. 19–31; S. Hepworth, ‘The Times Atlas’, 25 February, 2002, at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2162–218852,00.html, accessed 8 November, 2004. Less judgemental is D. Smith, ‘Cassell and Company, 1848–c.1890’, in The Journal of the International Map Collectors Society, Vol. 70, Autumn 1997, pp. 7–17.
W. and A. K. Johnston, The Physical Atlas, Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1848, title page; Espenhorst, Petermann’s Planet, p. 384.
J. Smits, Petermann’s Maps: Carto-Bibliography of the maps in Petermann’s ‘Geographische Mitteilungen’, 1855–1945, ’t Goy-Houten: Hes & De Graaf, 2004, p. 37; Espenhorst, Petermann’s Planet, p. 384.
G. Bartholomew, Letter to J. Bartholomew, 2 December, 1853, NLS Acc.10222, No. 12; L. Gardiner, Bartholomew – 150 Years, Edinburgh: John Bartholomew & Co., 1976, p. 18.
Fullerton’s Hand-atlas of the World, Edinburgh: J. Bartholomew, 1870–2; T. E. Zell, Zell’s Descriptive Hand-atlas of the World, Philadelphia: T. E. Zell, 1871; Constable’s Hand-atlas of India, Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co, 1893; Nelson Universal Hand-atlas, London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1913. On the German title ‘Handatlas’ and Handbuch, see Espenhorst, Petermann’s Planet, p. 16.
J. G. Bartholomew, Draft of an article on ‘British and German Cartography’, c.1901, NLS Acc.10222, No. 138; J. G. Bartholomew, ‘The Philosophy of Map-Making and the Evolution of a Great German atlas’, Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 18, 1902, pp. 34–9.
E. G. Ravenstein (ed.), Philips’ Handy Volume Atlas of the World, London: George Philip & Son, 1895, Plate 1.
E. G. Ravenstein, Philips’ Handy Volume Atlas of the World, London: George Philip & Son, 1913, Notes to Plate II.
J. G. Bartholomew, A Literary and Historical Atlas of Europe, London: J. M. Dent & Sons [c.1910], Maps 6–7.
Ravenstein (ed.), Philips’ Handy Volume Atlas of the World, 1913.
See A. Pearson, D. R. Fraser Taylor, K. D. Kline and M. Heffernan, ‘Cartographic Ideals and Geopolitical Realities: International Maps of the World from the 1890s to the Present’, in The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien, Vol. 50, No. 2, 2006, pp. 149–76.
Scully, ‘North Sea or German Ocean?’, p. 54; M. Heffernan, ‘Professor Penck’s Bluff: Geography, Espionage and Hysteria in World War I’, Scottish Geographical Journal, 116, 2000, pp. 267–82; D. W. Freshfield, ‘The New Session, 1914–15’, in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 44, No. 6, December 1914, p. 527.
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Scully, R. (2012). A ‘Pink Link’ — Race, Religion and the Anglo-German Cartographic Freemasonry. In: British Images of Germany. Britain and the World. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137283467_4
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