Skip to main content

Global and Local Challenges and Opportunities: Reflections on China and the Governance of African Natural Resources

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: International Political Economy Series ((IPES))

Abstract

China’s three decades of unbroken growth, transforming it from an economic backwater to the world’s second largest economy, has fuelled an ever-expanding demand for energy, strategic minerals, and new markets (Downs, 2004: 21-41; Oliveira, 2008: 83-109). The promulgation of the government’s ‘going out’ strategy, whereby over a hundred restructured state-owned enterprises have been given the legal and administrative means, preferential access to finance, and diplomatic support necessary to break into markets outside of China, has been the main policy response to this need. Given the financial resources of what by 2006 had become the world’s largest holder of foreign reserves (over USD 3 trillion as of mid-2012) and applying these to the problem of carving out a position in the energy and strategic minerals markets was, in retrospect, a fairly straightforward solution to this dilemma in a capital-starved African environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • AAP (2012) ‘Gabon Renegotiates Chinese Iron Ore Mine Deal’, Business Spectator, (12 June), www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Gabon-renegotiates-Chinese-iron-mine-deal-V6LSW?opendocument&src=rss (Accessed 15 June 2012).

  • Ahmed, I. (2012) ‘Ngozi in Beijing for $3bn Chinese Loans’, Daily Trust, (22 February), http://dailytrust.com.ng/index.php? option=com_content &view=articleSrid= 155265:ngozi-in-beijing-for-3bn-chinese-loans&catid=2:lead-stories&Itemid=8 (Accessed 8 June 2013).

  • Alden, C. (2007) China in Africa (London: Zed).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, A.C. (2008) China and Gabon, Policy Report no. 5 (Braamfontein: South African Institute of International Affairs).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, A.C. (2010) The Oil Factor in Sino-Angolan Relations at the Start of the 21st century, Occasional Paper (Braamfontein: South African Institute of International Affairs).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, A.C. (2012) China’s Economic Statecraft and African Mineral Resources: Changing Modes of Engagement, SAIIA Occasional Paper (Braamfontein: South African Institute of International Affairs).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bavier, J. (2008) ‘China’s DRC Investment $9 Billion — $3 Billion for Mining’, Reuters, (16 February).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthelemy, J.C. (2011) China’s Engagement and Aid Effectiveness in Africa, Working Paper Series no. 129, African Development Bank/African Development Group, www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/ Working%20129. pdf.

  • Bloomberg (2008) ‘Young Workers, Deadly Mines’, Bloomberg Markets, 17 (9): 89–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomberg (2011) ‘China’s Investment in Africa to Increase to $50 Billion by 2015, Bank Says’, Bloomberg News, (22 February), www.bloomberg.com/news/ print/2011–02-22/china-s-investment-in-africa-to-increase-to-5 0-billion-by-2015-bank-says.html (Accessed 15 May 2012).

  • Bosshard, P. (2008) China’s Environmental Footprint in Africa, SAIS Working Papers in African Studies, www.sais-jhu.edu/academics/regional-studies/africa.

  • BP (2011), Statistical Review of World Energy 2011, Excel Workbook online resource, www.bp.com/statisticalreview. Brunswick Group (2009), ‘Sinopec Group Completed the Acquisition of Addax’, (18 August), www.addaxpetroleum.com/press_room/159 (Accessed 15 June 2012).

  • Cheung, Y.W, J. de Haan, X. Qian and S. Yu (2012) ‘China’s Outward Direct Investment’, Review of International Economics, 20 (2): 201–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corkin, L. (2011) ‘Redefining Foreign Policy Impulses toward Africa: The Roles of the M FA, the MOFCOM and China Exim Bank’, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40 (4): 61–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, K. (2012) ‘Outward FDI from China and Its Policy Context: 2012’, Columbia FDI Profiles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittgen, R. (2011) To Belinga or Not to Belinga: China’s Evolving Engagement in Gabon’s Mining Sector, Occasional Paper no. 98 (Braamfontein: South African Institute of International Affairs).

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, E. (2004) “The Energy Security Debate’, China Quarterly, 177 (2): 21–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downs, E. (2006) China, Energy Security Series (Washington, DC: The Brookings Foreign Policy Studies).

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, E. (2011) Inside China Inc: China Development Bank’s Cross-border Energy Deals, (Washington, DC: China Center at Brookings).

    Google Scholar 

  • EITI (2009) International Secretariat Work Plan 2010, November, http://eiti.org/ files/EITI%20Secretariat%20Workplan%202010_0.pdf.

  • Foster, V., W. Butterfield, C. Chen and N. Pushak (2008) Building Bridges: China’s Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: PPIAF/Worid Bank).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freemantle S. and J. Stevens (2012) EM10 and Africa: China-Africa — Taking Stock after a Decade of Advance, Africa Macro, Standard Bank. From Debt Relief to Emerging Lenders, working paper no. 268, (OECD), www.oecdpublishing.com/dataoecd/62/12/40152567.pdf.

  • Gallagher, K., A. Irwin and K. Koleski (2012) The New Banks in Town: Chinese Finance in Latin America, Inter-American Dialogue Report, http://ideaswebsite.org/pdf s /financi alar chit ecturesil ene_grabel.pdf.

  • Grant, J.A. (2011) “The Kimberley Process at Ten: Reflections on a Decade of Efforts to End the Trade in Conflict Diamonds’, in P. Lujala and S.A. Rustad (eds.) High-Value Natural Resources and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding (London and New York: Earthscan/Taylor & Francis), 159–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, J.A. (2013) ‘Consensus Dynamics and Global Governance Frameworks: Insights from the Kimberley Process on Conflict Diamonds’, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 19 (3): 323–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, J.A. and I. Taylor (2004) ‘Global Governance and Conflict Diamonds: The Kimberley Process and the Quest for Clean Gems’, The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 93 (375): 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haglund, D. (2010) Policy Effectiveness and China’s Investment in the Zambian Mining Sector. SAIIA Policy Briefing no. 19 (Braamfontein: South African Institute of International Affairs).

    Google Scholar 

  • I-net bridge (2011) ‘Meteorex-Jinchuan Deal clears hurdles’, Mining MX, (29 December), www.mimngmx.com/news/base_metals/Metorex-Jinchuan-deal-clear-all-hurdles.htm (Accessed 15 June 2012).

  • Information Office of the State Council of the PRC (2010) White Paper on China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation, http://english.gov.cn/official/2010–12/ 23/content_l 771603. htm.

  • Jansson, J. (2011) TheSicomines Agreement: Change and Continuity in DRC’s International Relations, Occasional Paper no. 97 (Braamfontein: South African Institute of International Affairs).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence R., D. Schoelles, D. Strangio, A. Tarrant, V. Uchill and L. Zhong (2012) ‘China Africa Relations: Governance, Natural Resource Wealth and Investment’, Global Economic Perspectives, Goizueta Business School, (April).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee I. and A. Poon (2009) ‘China’s CNOOC to Buy Tullow’s Ugandan Oil Assets’, (6 February), http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487045 33204575046481584946258.html (Accessed 15 June 2012).

  • Mo Ibrahim Foundation (2011) Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance 2011, www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/section/the-ibrahim-index/.

  • Montia, G. (2007) ‘$5bn Chinese Loan Secures DRC Resources’, Metal Markets, (21 September), www.metalmarkets.org.uk/2007/09/21/5bn-chinese-loan-secures-drc-resources/ (Accessed 16 November 2007).

  • Oliveira, R.S. (2008) ‘Making Sense of Chinese Oil Investment in Africa’ in C. Alden, D. Large, and R.S. Oliveira (eds.) China Returns to Africa: An Emerging Power and a Continent Embrace (London: Hurst), 83–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPEC, World Oil Outlook 2008, www.opec.org/library/world%20oil%20outlook/ WorldOilOutlook08.htm.

  • Paris, F. (2010) China andETTI, (19 February) http://eiti.org/blog/china-and-eiti.

  • Paul, S. (2012) ‘Update3-China’s Minmetals wins $1.3bln Anvil Bid, Eyes More’, Reuters, (17 February).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisen, H. and S. Ndoye (2008) Prudent versus Imprudent Lending to Africa: From Debt Relief to Emerging Lenders, Working Paper no. 268, OECD, www.oecdpublishing.com/dataoecd/62/12/40152567.pdf.

  • Sierra Express Media (2010a) ‘As African Minerals Discovers Another 5 Billion Tonnes, Siena Leone Becomes Largest Iron Ore Deposit in the World!’, (18 February).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sierra Express Media (2010b) ‘Chinese Steel Mill to Invest $1.5 Billion into Tonkolili Project’, (13 July).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. and W. MacNamara (2010) ‘Rio and Chinalco in Guinea Iron Ore Partnership’, Financial Times, (20 March).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudan Tribune (2012a) ‘China Miss Opportunity in South Sudan’, Sudan Tribune, (29 April), www.sudantribune.com/china-miss-opportunity-in-south-42446 (Accessed 15 June 2012).

  • Sudan Tribune (2012b) ‘South Sudan’s Announcement of $8bn Loan from China Draws Skepticism’, Sudan Tribune, (15 May), www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-s-announcement-of-8,42605 (Accessed 8 June 2012).

  • Swann, C. and W. McQuillen (2006) ‘China to Surpass World Bank as Top Lender to Africa’, Bloomberg, (3 November), www.bloomberg.com/apps/news ?pid=20601087&sid=afUHTifuOkR0&refer=home.

  • Tse, P.K. (2012) ‘The Mineral Industry of China’, 2010 Minerais Yearbook (Washington, DC: USGS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma, S. (2011) ‘Sino-African Ties: The Ghana Case Study’, Financial Times Tilt, (29 August), http://tilt.ft.eom/#lposts/2011–08/28946/ghana-china (Accessed 8 June 2012).

  • World Trade Organization (2000–2011) Statistics Database, International Trade and Tariff Data, www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_e.htm (Accessed 15 May 2012).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 Christopher Alden and Ana Cristina Alves

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alden, C., Alves, A.C. (2015). Global and Local Challenges and Opportunities: Reflections on China and the Governance of African Natural Resources. In: Grant, J.A., Compaoré, W.R.N., Mitchell, M.I. (eds) New Approaches to the Governance of Natural Resources. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137280411_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics