Abstract
What is Occupy? A “liberal tea party,”1 “a flash mobs of slackers,”2 the “Populist Movement Reborn,”3 “a paper Tyrannosaurus”?4 Seldom defined, yet relentlessly analogized, haphazard commentary on the Occupy Movement has surpassed sophisticated analysis. This means that even basic questions—how the movement works, what it means to “belong” to it, who is an “Occupier,” and why it matters—remain inadequately answered. Many observers have reacted with exasperation and incomprehension when faced with the complexity of the Movement, dismissing it because it did not fit within their preexisting notions of what politics, protest, or social movements are supposed to do. One might expect the National Review to dismiss Occupy Wall Street (OWS) as “inchoate” and “incoherent,”5 but even the New York Times’ early coverage portrayed OWS as “pantomime progressivism,” an “intellectual vacuum” whose message was “virtually impossible to decipher.”6 But dismissing a social phenomenon as incomprehensible “is not so much an explanation … as a confession that one has been unable to explain it,” a breakdown in one’s analysis, not necessarily the society one observes.7
#Occupy Wall Street is: a place, a movement, a brand, a mod a family yo
#Occupy Wall Street is a riddle: it’s about the park(s). it’s not about the park(s). #OWS is the dance of the micro & the macro Occupy model.
—Two hand-drawn signs in Union Square Park, April 25, 2012
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Notes
Carol Costello, “Talk Back: Is Occupy Wall Street the dawn of a liberal Tea Party?” CNN, October 5, 2011, http://am.blogs.cnn.com/2011/10/05/talk-back-is-occupy-wall-street-the-dawn-of-a-liberal-tea-party/, accessed June 19, 2012.
In Nelson D. Schwartz and Eric Dash, “In Private, Wall St. Bankers Dismiss Protesters as Unsophisticated,” The New York Times, October 14, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/10/15/business/in-private-conversation-wall-street-ismore-critical-of-protesters.html?pagewanted=all, accessed June 20, 2012.
Rosalyn Baxandall, “The Populist Movement Reborn, At Last, In Occupy,” On the Issues, October 14, 2011, www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/cafe2/article/175,accessed June 20, 2012.
Shawn At Parenting, “How Bad Parenting Created Occupy Wall Street,” Parenting, October 14, 2011, www.parenting.com/blogs/pop-culture/shawnparenting/how-bad-parenting-created-occupy-wall-street, accessed June 20, 2012.
Charles C. W. Cooke, “Can Occupy Wall Street Make Sense of Itself?” The National Review, October 17, 2011, www.nationalreview.com/articles/280277/can-occupywall-street-make-sense-itself-charles-c-w-cooke?pg=1, accessed June 20, 2012.
Gina Bellafante, “Gunning for Wall Street, With Faulty Aim,” The New York Times, September 23, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/nyregion/protesters-are-gunning-for-wall-street-with-faulty-aim.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=occup y+wall+street&st=nyt, accessed June 20, 2012.
David Keen, Complex Emergencies (Cambridge: Polity, 2008), 5.
Suzette R. Grillot, Craig S. Stapley, and Molly E. Hanna, “Assessing the Small Arms Movement: The Trials and Tribulations of a Transnational Network,” Contemporary Security Policy 27, no. 1 (April 2006): 60–84.
Douglas Rushkoff, “Think Occupy Wall St. Is a Phase? You Don’t Get It,” CNN, October 5, 2011, www.cnn.com/2011/10/05/opinion/rushkoff-occupy-wallstreet/index.html,accessed June 20, 2012.
Timothy Doyle, Green Power: The Environment Movement in Australia (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2000), 19.
C.f. R. G. Smith, “Place as Network,” in Companion Encyclopedia of Geography, eds. Ian Douglas, Richard John Huggett, and Chris Perkins, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2007), 57–69.
David Graeber, “Enacting the Impossible: Making Decisions by Consensus,” in This Changes Everything: Occupy Wall Street and the 99% Movement, eds. Sarah Gelder & YES! Magazine (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2011), 22–24.
For more information on General Assemblies, see: Writers for the 99%, Occupying Wall Street: The Inside Story of an Action that Changed America (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2011), 25–34.
Several scholars, particularly in ethnomusicology, have written about the political impact of electrical amplification and how it can redefine boundaries of inclusion and exclusion, e.g., R. Anderson Sutton, “Interpreting Electronic Sound Technology in the Contemporary Javanese Soundscape,” Ethnomusicology 40, no. 2 (Spring—Summer 1996): 249–268
Paula Lockheart, “A History of Early Microphone Singing, 1925–1939: American Mainstream Popular Singing at the Advent of Electronic Microphone Amplification,” Popular Music and Society 26, no. 3 (2003): 367–385.
Catherine Rampell, “About That 99 Percent…,” The New York Times, October 10, 2011, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/about-that-99-percent/, accessed May 24, 2012.
For example, Ezra Klein, “Who are the 99 percent?” The Washington Post, October 4, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/who-are-the99-percent/2011 /08/25/gIQAt87jKL_blog.html, accessed May 24, 2012.
New York City General Assembly, “Welcome to OWS—Weekly Orientation” (n.d.), www.nycga.net/events/event/welcome-to-ows-weekly-orientation/, accessed May 24, 2012.
Bert Klandermans, “Transient Identities? Membership Patterns in the Dutch Peace Movement,” in New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity, eds. Enrique Laraña, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 168–184
Verta Taylor and Nancy E. Whittier, “Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization,” in Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties, eds. Jo and Victoria Johnson (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992)
Alberto Melucci, “The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements,” Social Research 52, no. 4 (Winter 1985): 789–816.
Anon, “Are the police forces part of the 99% or tools of the 1%?” Liberation, October 19, 2011, http://pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/are-police-part-99-percent-ows.html, accessed May 24, 2012.
Judith Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (New York: Routledge, 1997)
Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990).
C.f. David M. Bossman, “Paul’s Fictive Kinship Movement,” Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 26, no. 4 (November 1996): 163–171
Janet Carsten, ed., Cultures of Relatedness: New Approaches to the Study of Kinship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
For example, Alyson Ann Cina, “This guy’s turned into an OccuCelebrity for telling NYPD what’s up. #j17 #occupycongress #ows http://www,yfrog.com/od35peij” January 17, 2012, http://www.twitter.com/AACina/statuses/159311239003127810, accessed June 20, 2012.
Gary Baumgarten, “Occupy Wall Street’s weakness may be its strength,” open salon, October 17, 2011, http://open.salon.com/blog/garybaumgarten/2011/10/17/occupy_wall_streets_weakness_may_be_its_strength, accessed May 24, 2012.
Occupy Wallst, “Drumming and the Occupation,” October 24, 2011, http://occupywallst.org/article/drumming-and-occupation/, accessed May 24, 2012.
Alex Klein, “The Organizers vs. the Organized in Zuccotti Park,” New York, October 20, 2011, http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/10/occupy_animal_farm _the_organiz.html, accessed May 24, 2012.
Queer theory has called for the queering of social institutions to highlight patterns of heteronormativitiy: Steven Seidman, Difference Troubles: Queering Social Theory and Sexual Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
See: Susan Archer Mann and Douglas J. Huffman, “The Decentering of Second Wave Feminism and the Rise of the Third Wave,” Science & Society 69, no. 1 (2005): 56–91
Astrid Henry, Not My Mother’s Sister: Generational Conflict and Third Wave Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).
JohnPaul , “An Open Letter to Occupy Wall Street Activists,” September 24, 2011, http://www.zashnain.com/2011/09/open-letter-to-occupy-wall-street.html, accessed June 20, 2012.
Natasha Lennard, “Did MoveOn rip off Occupy?,” Salon, April 9, 2012, www.salon.com/2012/04/09/did_moveon_rip_off_occupy/singleton/, accessed June 1, 2012.
Hendrik Hertzberg, “Occupational Hazards,” The New Yorker, November 7, 2011, 23.
NYCGA, “Occupy Wall Street: Frequently Asked Questions” (n.d.), www.nycga.net/resources/faq/,accessed June 20, 2012.
Parents for Occupy Wall Street, in Occupy WallSt, “Parents for Occupy Wall Street Family Sleepover,” October 20, 2011, http://occupywallst.org/article/parents-sleepover/, accessed June 20, 2012.
NYCGA Town Planning, “Town Planning Meeting Minutes,” October 25, 2011, www.nycga.net/groups/town-planning/docs/town-planning-meeting-minutes10–25–2011, accessed June 15, 2012.
For more see: Ari Paul, “Not the 99%: How Police Unions Protect the Privileges and Pensions of NYC’s ‘Finest,’” The Indypendent, January 17, 2012, 8–9.
Tyler Kingkade, “Occupy Wall Street, Unions Learn to Work Together, Slowly,” Huffington Post, December 21, 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/21occupy-wall-street-unions-work-together_n_1163757.html, accessed June 20, 2012.
Karen McVeigh, “Desmond Tutu Urges Trinity Church to Allow Occupy Protest Camp,” The Guardian, December 16, 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/16/desmond-tutu-occupy-movement-trinity-church, accessed June 20, 2012.
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© 2013 Emily Welty, Matthew Bolton, Meghana Nayak, and Christopher Malone
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Welty, E., Bolton, M., Zukowski, N. (2013). Occupy Wall Street as a Palimpsest: Overview of a Dynamic Movement. In: Welty, E., Bolton, M., Nayak, M., Malone, C. (eds) Occupying Political Science. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137277404_2
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