Abstract
Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that was able to avoid colonization by European countries. Thus Thailand never experienced the imposition and transfer of institutions from the West as happened in many developing countries. This arrangement also meant that traditional institutions—principally the monarchy, the Buddhist Sangha closely linked to the monarchy, and the military and civil bureaucracy—were not disrupted.1
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Notes
Chai-Anan Samudavanij, Thailand: State-Building, Democracy and Globalization (Bangkok: Institute of Public Policy Studies, 2002).
Kramol Tonngdhamachart, Toward a Political Party Theory in Thai Perspective (Singapore: Maruzen Asia, 1982); Ross Prizzia, Thailand in Transition: The Role of Oppositional Forces (Hawaii: Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii Press, 1985).
John L. S. Girling, Thailand: Society and Politics (Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1981).
Daniel Kingand Jim LoGerfo, “Thailand: Toward Democratic Stability,” Journal of Democracy, 7 (1) (1996 ): 102–117.
James Ockey, “Thai Society and Patterns of Political Leadership,” Asian Survey, 36 (4)(1996):665–682; Duncan McCargo, “Thailand’s Political Parties: Real, Authentic and Actual,” in Kevin Hewison (ed.), Political Change in Thailand: Democracy and Participation (London and New York: Routledge, 1997 ).
Kramol Tonngdhamachart, Toward a Political Party Theory in Thai Perspective (Singapore: Maruzen Asia, 1982).
Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee, Thai Political Parties in the Age of Reform (Bangkok: Institute of Public Policy Studies, 2006 ).
See, for example, “Democrats, former coalition parties to form government,” Bangkok Post, December 7, 2008; Thomas Bell, “Thai Army to ‘Help Voters Love’ the Government, Telegraph, December 18, 2008, at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/3831672/Thai -army-to-help-voters-love-the-government.html, on December 8, 2011; Rachel Harvey, “Thai Military’s Political Past Looms over Elections,” BBC News, Asia Pacific, June 2, 2011, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia -pacific-13595328, on December 8, 2011.
Kramol Tonngdhamachart, Toward a Political Party Theory in Thai Perspective, (Singapore: Maruzen Asia,1982), 21.
JamesOckey, “Change and Continuity in the Thai Political Party System,” Asian Survey, 43 (4) (2003): 663–680.
Surin Maisrikrod, Thailand’s Two General Elections in 1992 : Democracy Sustained (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1992).
AllenHicken,“Thailand: Combating Corruption through Electoral Reform,” in Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook (International IDEA [Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance], 2005).
Ibid.; Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee, Thai Political Parties in the Age of Reform (Bangkok: Institute of Public Policy Studies, 2006 ), 100–102.
DuncanMcCargo, “Thailand’s Political Parties: Real, Authentic and Actual,” in Kevin Hewison (ed.), Political Change in Thailand: Democracy and Participation (London and New York: Routledge, 1997).
YoshifumiTamada, “Itthiphon and Amnat: An Informal Aspect of Thai Politics,” Southeast Asian Studies, 28 (4)(1991): 445–465.
A. Callahan William and Duncan McCargo,“Vote-Buying in Thailand’s Northeast: The July 1995 General Election,” Asian Survey, 36 (4) (1996 ): 376–393.
Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee, “Voting Behavior and Pattern of Political Participation of the Thai Electorate in the Conflict Situation,” research paper presented to the Election Commission of Thailand, 2011.
Surin Maisrikrod, Thailand’s Two General Elections in 1992: Democracy Sustained (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1992).
Paul W. Chambersand Aurel Croissant, “Monopolizing, Mutualizing, or Muddling Through: Factions Party Management in Contemporary Thailand,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 29 (3) (2010): 3–33.
Jim Glassman, “Economic ‘Nationalism’ in a Post-nationalist Era: The Political Economy of Economic Policy in Post-crisis Thailand,” Critical Asian Studies, 36 (1)(2004): 37–64.
Anek Laothamatas, “A Tale of Two Democracies: Conflicting Perceptions of Elections and Democracy in Thailand,” in R. H. Taylor, (ed.), The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996): 201–223.
Jean Blondel and Jean-Louis Thiebault(eds.), Political Leadership, Parties, and Citizens: The Personalization of Leadership (London: Routledge, 2009).
Takashi Inoguchi, “Japan: The Personalization of Politics—Koizumi and Japanese Politics,” in Jean Blondeland Jean-Louis Thiebault (eds.), Political Leadership, Parties and Citizens: The Personalization of Leadership (London: Routledge, 2009), 209–228.
DuncanMcCargo and Ukrist Pathmanand, The Thaksinization of Thailand (Denmark: NIASPress, 2005); Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker, “Thaksin’s Populism,” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 38 (1) (February) (2008):62–83.
Paul W. Chambersand Aurel Croissant, “Monopolizing, Mutualizing, or Muddling Through: Factions Party Management in Contemporary Thailand,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 29 (3) (2010): 3–33.
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© 2012 Takashi Inoguchi and Jean Blondel
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Sawasdee, S.N. (2012). Thailand. In: Inoguchi, T., Blondel, J. (eds) Political Parties and Democracy. Asia Today. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137277206_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137277206_9
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