Skip to main content

Memory, Narrative and Voice as Liberatory Praxis in the Apartheid Archive

  • Chapter
Book cover Race, Memory and the Apartheid Archive

Abstract

Nineteen years ago the world witnessed the official demise of apartheid — one of the most inhumane and widely condemned forms of institutionalised racism. Today, many South Africans have life experiences that straddle this historical divide. Close to 60 per cent of South Africa’s current population lived for a significant period of their childhood or adulthood through the horrors of the apartheid reality (Statistics South Africa, 2010). Of note too, as Harris (2010) points out, a third of the white voters in the 1992 Whites-Only referendum called by the then ruling National Party supported the maintenance of the apartheid status quo. The remaining two-thirds voted for the continuation of the process aimed at bringing about a negotiated settlement in South Africa, rather than for the abolition of apartheid. Indeed, a significant number of white South Africans alongside various Bantustan leaders and functionaries were involved in various acts of violence aimed at perpetuating apartheid or at least the rewards apartheid afforded them (Harris, 2010).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Apfelbaum, E. (1999). Relations of domination and movements for liberation: An analysis of power between groups (abridged). Feminism and Psychology, 9(3), 267–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apfelbaum, E. (2000). And now what, after such tribulations? Memory and dislocation in the era of uprooting. American Psychologist, 55 (9), 1008–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arenstein, J. (2004, February 9). Worker ‘fed to lions’. News 24. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from: http://www.news24.com/News24?South_Africa/News/0„2–7-1442_1481163,00.html

  • Beresford, D. (2010). Truth is a strange fruit: A personal journey through the apartheid war. Auckland Park: Jacana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhabha, H. K. (1996). Unsatisfied: Notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism. In L. Garcia-Moreno & P.C. Pfeiffer (Eds.), Text and nation: Cross-disciplinary essays on cultural and national identities (pp. 191–207). Columbia, SC: Camden House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biko, S. (2004). I write what I like. Johannesburg: Pan Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulhan, H. A. (1985). Frantz Fanon and the psychology of oppression. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bundy, C. (2000). The beast of the past: History and the TRC. In W. James & L. Van der Vijver (Eds.), After the TRC: Reflections on truth and reconciliation in South Africa (pp. 9–20). Cape Town: David Philip.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caruth, C. (Ed.) (1995). Trauma: Explorations in memory. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassin, B., Cayla, O., & Salazar, P. (2004). Dire la vérité, faire la réconciliation, manquer la réparation (Speaking the truth, reconciling and failing to offer reparation). In B. Cassin, O. Cayla & P. Salazar (Eds.), Vérité, réconciliation, réparation (Truth, reconciliation and reparation) (pp. 13–26). Paris: Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, S. E. (1995). Taking narrative seriously: Consequences for method and theory in interview studies. In R. Josselson & A. Lieblich, A (Eds.), Interpreting experience: The narrative study of lives (pp. 45–59). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, J. H., Elias, M. J., & Wandersman, A. (2001). Community psychology. Linking individuals and communities. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrida, J. (1998). Archive fever: A Freudian impression. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dlamini, J. (2009). Native nostalgia. Auckland Park: Jacana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, N., & Bowman, B. (2009). Liberating South African psychology: The legacy of racism and the pursuit of representative knowledge production. In M. Montero & C.C. Sonn (Eds.), Psychology of liberation (pp. 93–114). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, J. (2005). Narrative and new developments in the social sciences. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1991). Black skin, white masks. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faul, M. (2008, February 29). Apartheid dead, but racism endures. Accessed on 10 March 2008, from: http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1105ap_south_africa racism endures.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1975). Tales of murder. In M. Foucault (Ed.), I, Pierre Rivière, having slaughtered my mother, my sister, and my brother… (pp. 199–211). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frosh, S. (2011). Psychoanalysis outside the clinic: Interventions in psychosocial studies. London & New York, NY: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, M. M., & Gergen, K. J. (2010). Performative social science and psychology. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12 (1). Retrieved January 5, 2011, from: http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1595.

  • Gobodo-Madikizela, P., & Van Der Merwe, C. (Eds.) (2009). Memory, narrative and forgiveness: Perspectives on the unfinished journeys of the past. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. New York, NY: International Publishers Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamber, B., & Palmary, I. (2009). Gender, memorialization, and symbolic reparations. In R. Rubio-Marin (Ed.), The gender of reparations: Unsettling sexual hierarchies while redressing human rights violations (pp. 324–381). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, C. (2002). ‘Living by fluidity’: Oral histories, material custodies and the politics of archiving. In C. Hamilton, V. Harris, J. Taylor, M. Pickover, G. Reid, & R. Saleh (Eds.), Refiguring the archive (pp. 209–227). Cape Town: David Philip.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, V. (2002). The archival sliver: A perspective on the construction of social memory in archives and the transition from apartheid to democracy. In C. Hamilton, V. Harris, J. Taylor, M. Pickover, G. Reid & R. Saleh (Eds.), Refiguring the archive (pp. 135–159). Cape Town: David Philip.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. (2010). Birth. The conspiracy to stop the ′94 election. Cape Town: Umuzi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassim, S., Kupe, T., & Worby, E. (Eds.) (2008). Go home or die here. Violence, xenophobia and the reinvention of difference in South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatch, M. J., & Cunliffe, A. L. (2006). Organisation theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooks, B. (1990). Marginality as a site of resistance. In R. Ferguson, M. Gever, T. Min-Ha & C. West (Eds.), Out there: Marginalization and contemporary cultures (pp. 341–343). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. O. (1996). Studying organisational symbolism: What, how, why. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G., & Donnor, J. (2005). The moral activist role of critical race theory scholarship. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd edition) (pp. 279–302). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis, and interpretation. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Volume 47. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Baró, I. (1994). Towards a liberation psychology (A. Aron, Trans.). In A. Aron & S. Corne (Eds.), Writings for a liberation psychology: Ignacio Martín-Baró (pp. 17–32). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Memmi, A. (1984). Dependence: A sketch for a portrait of the dependent. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, B. (2012). Dignity, memory, truth and the future under siege: Reconciliation and nation building in post-apartheid South Africa. In M. Shapiro & S. Opondo (Eds.), The new violent cartography (pp. 214–233). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posel, D. (1999). The TRC report: What kind of history? What kind of truth? Paper presented at the Wits History Workshop and the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation Conference, TRC: Commissioning the Past, June 1999, Johannesburg, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, J. (1977). Community psychology: Values, research, and action. New York, NY: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, J. (1995). Empowerment meets narrative: Listening to stories and creating settings. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 795–807.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes Cruz, M., & Sonn, C. C. (2011d). (De)colonizing culture in community psychology: Reflections from critical social science. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(1–2), 203–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sands, R. G. (2004). Narrative analysis: A feminist approach. In D.K. Padgett (Ed.), The qualitative research experience (pp. 48–75). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shefer, T. (2010). Narrating gender and sex in and through apartheid divides. South African Journal of Psychology. 40(4), 382–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonising methodologies: Researching and indigenous peoples. Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spivak, G. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313). Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics South Africa (2008). Labour force survey. Accessed on 19 March 2008, from: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/statsdownload.asp?PPN=P0210&SCH=4006

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics South Africa (2010). Statistical Release P0302. Mid-year population estimates. 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010, from: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022010.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Suleman, R. (2009). Director’s statement. In B. Peterson & R. Suleman, Zulu love letter. A screenplay. Johannesburg: Wits Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, L. G., & Stevens, G. (2010). Through her eyes: Relational references in black women’s narratives of apartheid racism. South African Journal of Psychology. 40(4), 414–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakali, T. (2008, 8 March). Eight weeks of racism. The Star, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treanor, B. (2009). What tradition? Whose archive? Blogs, Googlewashing, and the digitization of the archive. Analecta Hermeneutica, 1, 289–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, V. (2008). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. New Jersey, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vahabzadeh, P. (2008). The conditions of subalternity: Reflections on subjectivity, experience and hegemony. Socialist Studies/ÉTudes Socialistes. 3(2), 93–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Walt, C., Franchi, V., & Stevens, G. (2003). The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Race, historical compromise and transitional democracy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 27(2), 251–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villa-Vicencio, C. (2004). Oublie, mémoire et vigilance (Failure to remember, memory and vigilance). In B. Cassin, O. Cayla & P. Salazar (Eds.), Vérité, réconciliation, reparation (Truth, reconciliation and reparation) (pp. 319–338). Paris: Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, M. & Schulman, H. (2008). Toward psychologies of liberation. Houndsmills, UK: Palgrave/McMillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L., Labonte, R., & O’Brien, M. (2003). Empowering social action through narratives of identity and culture. Health Promotion International. 18(1), 33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2013 Garth Stevens, Norman Duncan and Christopher C. Sonn

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stevens, G., Duncan, N., Sonn, C.C. (2013). Memory, Narrative and Voice as Liberatory Praxis in the Apartheid Archive. In: Stevens, G., Duncan, N., Hook, D. (eds) Race, Memory and the Apartheid Archive. Studies in the Psychosocial. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137263902_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics