Abstract
Nineteen years ago the world witnessed the official demise of apartheid — one of the most inhumane and widely condemned forms of institutionalised racism. Today, many South Africans have life experiences that straddle this historical divide. Close to 60 per cent of South Africa’s current population lived for a significant period of their childhood or adulthood through the horrors of the apartheid reality (Statistics South Africa, 2010). Of note too, as Harris (2010) points out, a third of the white voters in the 1992 Whites-Only referendum called by the then ruling National Party supported the maintenance of the apartheid status quo. The remaining two-thirds voted for the continuation of the process aimed at bringing about a negotiated settlement in South Africa, rather than for the abolition of apartheid. Indeed, a significant number of white South Africans alongside various Bantustan leaders and functionaries were involved in various acts of violence aimed at perpetuating apartheid or at least the rewards apartheid afforded them (Harris, 2010).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Apfelbaum, E. (1999). Relations of domination and movements for liberation: An analysis of power between groups (abridged). Feminism and Psychology, 9(3), 267–272.
Apfelbaum, E. (2000). And now what, after such tribulations? Memory and dislocation in the era of uprooting. American Psychologist, 55 (9), 1008–1013.
Arenstein, J. (2004, February 9). Worker ‘fed to lions’. News 24. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from: http://www.news24.com/News24?South_Africa/News/0„2–7-1442_1481163,00.html
Beresford, D. (2010). Truth is a strange fruit: A personal journey through the apartheid war. Auckland Park: Jacana.
Bhabha, H. K. (1996). Unsatisfied: Notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism. In L. Garcia-Moreno & P.C. Pfeiffer (Eds.), Text and nation: Cross-disciplinary essays on cultural and national identities (pp. 191–207). Columbia, SC: Camden House.
Biko, S. (2004). I write what I like. Johannesburg: Pan Macmillan.
Bulhan, H. A. (1985). Frantz Fanon and the psychology of oppression. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Bundy, C. (2000). The beast of the past: History and the TRC. In W. James & L. Van der Vijver (Eds.), After the TRC: Reflections on truth and reconciliation in South Africa (pp. 9–20). Cape Town: David Philip.
Caruth, C. (Ed.) (1995). Trauma: Explorations in memory. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cassin, B., Cayla, O., & Salazar, P. (2004). Dire la vérité, faire la réconciliation, manquer la réparation (Speaking the truth, reconciling and failing to offer reparation). In B. Cassin, O. Cayla & P. Salazar (Eds.), Vérité, réconciliation, réparation (Truth, reconciliation and reparation) (pp. 13–26). Paris: Seuil.
Chase, S. E. (1995). Taking narrative seriously: Consequences for method and theory in interview studies. In R. Josselson & A. Lieblich, A (Eds.), Interpreting experience: The narrative study of lives (pp. 45–59). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dalton, J. H., Elias, M. J., & Wandersman, A. (2001). Community psychology. Linking individuals and communities. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Derrida, J. (1998). Archive fever: A Freudian impression. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Dlamini, J. (2009). Native nostalgia. Auckland Park: Jacana.
Duncan, N., & Bowman, B. (2009). Liberating South African psychology: The legacy of racism and the pursuit of representative knowledge production. In M. Montero & C.C. Sonn (Eds.), Psychology of liberation (pp. 93–114). New York, NY: Springer.
Elliott, J. (2005). Narrative and new developments in the social sciences. London: Sage.
Fanon, F. (1991). Black skin, white masks. London: Pluto Press.
Faul, M. (2008, February 29). Apartheid dead, but racism endures. Accessed on 10 March 2008, from: http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1105ap_south_africa racism endures.html
Foucault, M. (1975). Tales of murder. In M. Foucault (Ed.), I, Pierre Rivière, having slaughtered my mother, my sister, and my brother… (pp. 199–211). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Frosh, S. (2011). Psychoanalysis outside the clinic: Interventions in psychosocial studies. London & New York, NY: Palgrave.
Gergen, M. M., & Gergen, K. J. (2010). Performative social science and psychology. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12 (1). Retrieved January 5, 2011, from: http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1595.
Gobodo-Madikizela, P., & Van Der Merwe, C. (Eds.) (2009). Memory, narrative and forgiveness: Perspectives on the unfinished journeys of the past. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. New York, NY: International Publishers Company.
Hamber, B., & Palmary, I. (2009). Gender, memorialization, and symbolic reparations. In R. Rubio-Marin (Ed.), The gender of reparations: Unsettling sexual hierarchies while redressing human rights violations (pp. 324–381). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Hamilton, C. (2002). ‘Living by fluidity’: Oral histories, material custodies and the politics of archiving. In C. Hamilton, V. Harris, J. Taylor, M. Pickover, G. Reid, & R. Saleh (Eds.), Refiguring the archive (pp. 209–227). Cape Town: David Philip.
Harris, V. (2002). The archival sliver: A perspective on the construction of social memory in archives and the transition from apartheid to democracy. In C. Hamilton, V. Harris, J. Taylor, M. Pickover, G. Reid & R. Saleh (Eds.), Refiguring the archive (pp. 135–159). Cape Town: David Philip.
Harris, P. (2010). Birth. The conspiracy to stop the ′94 election. Cape Town: Umuzi.
Hassim, S., Kupe, T., & Worby, E. (Eds.) (2008). Go home or die here. Violence, xenophobia and the reinvention of difference in South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
Hatch, M. J., & Cunliffe, A. L. (2006). Organisation theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Hooks, B. (1990). Marginality as a site of resistance. In R. Ferguson, M. Gever, T. Min-Ha & C. West (Eds.), Out there: Marginalization and contemporary cultures (pp. 341–343). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Jones, M. O. (1996). Studying organisational symbolism: What, how, why. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ladson-Billings, G., & Donnor, J. (2005). The moral activist role of critical race theory scholarship. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd edition) (pp. 279–302). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis, and interpretation. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Volume 47. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Martín-Baró, I. (1994). Towards a liberation psychology (A. Aron, Trans.). In A. Aron & S. Corne (Eds.), Writings for a liberation psychology: Ignacio Martín-Baró (pp. 17–32). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Memmi, A. (1984). Dependence: A sketch for a portrait of the dependent. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Peterson, B. (2012). Dignity, memory, truth and the future under siege: Reconciliation and nation building in post-apartheid South Africa. In M. Shapiro & S. Opondo (Eds.), The new violent cartography (pp. 214–233). New York, NY: Routledge.
Posel, D. (1999). The TRC report: What kind of history? What kind of truth? Paper presented at the Wits History Workshop and the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation Conference, TRC: Commissioning the Past, June 1999, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Rappaport, J. (1977). Community psychology: Values, research, and action. New York, NY: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
Rappaport, J. (1995). Empowerment meets narrative: Listening to stories and creating settings. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 795–807.
Reyes Cruz, M., & Sonn, C. C. (2011d). (De)colonizing culture in community psychology: Reflections from critical social science. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(1–2), 203–214.
Sands, R. G. (2004). Narrative analysis: A feminist approach. In D.K. Padgett (Ed.), The qualitative research experience (pp. 48–75). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Shefer, T. (2010). Narrating gender and sex in and through apartheid divides. South African Journal of Psychology. 40(4), 382–395.
Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonising methodologies: Researching and indigenous peoples. Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press.
Spivak, G. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313). Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Statistics South Africa (2008). Labour force survey. Accessed on 19 March 2008, from: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/statsdownload.asp?PPN=P0210&SCH=4006
Statistics South Africa (2010). Statistical Release P0302. Mid-year population estimates. 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010, from: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022010.pdf
Suleman, R. (2009). Director’s statement. In B. Peterson & R. Suleman, Zulu love letter. A screenplay. Johannesburg: Wits Press.
Sullivan, L. G., & Stevens, G. (2010). Through her eyes: Relational references in black women’s narratives of apartheid racism. South African Journal of Psychology. 40(4), 414–431.
Thakali, T. (2008, 8 March). Eight weeks of racism. The Star, 15.
Treanor, B. (2009). What tradition? Whose archive? Blogs, Googlewashing, and the digitization of the archive. Analecta Hermeneutica, 1, 289–302.
Turner, V. (2008). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. New Jersey, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Vahabzadeh, P. (2008). The conditions of subalternity: Reflections on subjectivity, experience and hegemony. Socialist Studies/ÉTudes Socialistes. 3(2), 93–113.
Van Der Walt, C., Franchi, V., & Stevens, G. (2003). The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Race, historical compromise and transitional democracy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 27(2), 251–267.
Villa-Vicencio, C. (2004). Oublie, mémoire et vigilance (Failure to remember, memory and vigilance). In B. Cassin, O. Cayla & P. Salazar (Eds.), Vérité, réconciliation, reparation (Truth, reconciliation and reparation) (pp. 319–338). Paris: Seuil.
Watkins, M. & Schulman, H. (2008). Toward psychologies of liberation. Houndsmills, UK: Palgrave/McMillan.
Williams, L., Labonte, R., & O’Brien, M. (2003). Empowering social action through narratives of identity and culture. Health Promotion International. 18(1), 33–40.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2013 Garth Stevens, Norman Duncan and Christopher C. Sonn
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stevens, G., Duncan, N., Sonn, C.C. (2013). Memory, Narrative and Voice as Liberatory Praxis in the Apartheid Archive. In: Stevens, G., Duncan, N., Hook, D. (eds) Race, Memory and the Apartheid Archive. Studies in the Psychosocial. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137263902_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137263902_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-44281-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-26390-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social Sciences CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)