Abstract
In a very general sense social scientists use the concept of modernization to describe the ways in which less developed societies achieve the standards reached by more developed societies at a particular point in time. This meaning is shared by scholars and politicians as distinct as the late American political scientist Samuel Huntington and Russia’s chief ideologist Vladislav Surkov.1 However, it is a controversial concept that has been criticized for its linear understanding of modern development; and even those scholars who apply the concept hold different views on the forms that modernization can take. Modernization has many dimensions — economic, political, social and cultural — and the causal relationship between them remains a point of dispute.
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Notes
See S. P. Huntington (1968), Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven and London: Yale University Press);
M. Leontev (2010), ‘Eksklyuziv: mezhdu strok. Intervyu Vladislava Surkova’ [Exclusive: Between the Lines. Interview with Vladislav Surkov], Odnako, 7 December, http://www.odnakoj.ru/exclusive/interline/vladislav_syrkov_mxdolzhnx_gotovitqsya_k_bvdyshcej_vojnedot_nasamom_dele_kbydyshcemy_miry/.
See H. Best and M. Cotta (eds) (2000), Parliamentary Representatives in Europe1848–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
See T. F. Remington (2007), ‘The Russian Federal Assembly, 1994–2004’, Journal of Legislative Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 121–41;
P. Chaisty (2011), ‘The Federal Assembly and the Power Vertical’, in G. Gill and J. Young (eds), Handbook of Russian Politics and Society (London: Routledge).
S. M. Fish and M. Kroenig (2009), The Handbook of National Legislatures: A Global Survey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 756–7.
MPs’ biographies were used to code all newcomers. A. H. Arinin and A. S. Kosopkin (eds) (2006), Gosudarstvennaya Duma Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Tom 2, 1993–2006 [The State Duma of the Russian Federation: Volume 2, 1993–2006] (Moscow: Rossiiskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya);
E. Belov et al. (2008), ‘Vsya Duma’ [The Whole Duma], Kommersant Vlast, No. 2, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=843330.
A. Litoi and L. Tagaeva (2010), ‘Dokhodnyi ryad’ [The Income Row], Novaya gazeta, No. 61, 9 June.
Yurii Korgunyuk describes the example in the Fifth Duma of the Communist MP Aleksei Bagaryakov, who had stood as a candidate for the centre-right Union of Right Forces party in the elections to the previous parliament. Bagaryakov, who initially failed to get elected in 2007, became a Duma deputy only after the Communist Party created a vacancy for him. Y. Korgunyuk (2010), ‘Party Funding in the Russian Federation: A Tool of Bureaucratic Control’, in Anthony Butler (ed.), Paying for Politics: Party Funding and Political Change in South Africa and the Global South (Auckland Park: Jacana Media).
T. Shkel (2008), ‘Parlament po-slavyanski’ [Parliament in a Slavic Way], Rossiiskaya gazeta, No. 25, 7 February.
P.Hackett and P.Hunter (2010), Who Governs Britain? A Profile of MPs in the New Parliament (London: Smith Institute), http://www.smith-institute.org.uk/publications.html?category_id=3.
J. E. Manning (2010), Membership of the 111th Congress: A Profile, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, http://opencrs.com/document/R40086/.
These data were compiled from a sweep of the main books, expert reports and newspaper articles on parliamentary lobbying published since 1994. They include V. M. Gerasimov, A. A. Derkach, A. S. Kosopkin and T. I. Nefedova (1999), Psikhologiya parlamentarizma [Psychology of Parliamentarianism] (Moscow: Status-Kvo 97);
P. A. Tolstykh (2006), Praktika Jobbizma v Gosudarstvennoi Dume Federalnogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Lobbying in the State Duma of the Russian Federation] (Moscow: Kanon);
S. Lolaeva and G. Cherkasov (2007), Povsednevnaya zhizn deputatovgosudarstvennoi dumy [Everyday Life of the Deputies of the State Duma] (Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya);
P. A. Tolstykh (2007), GR Praktikum po lobbizmu v Rossii [GR Practical Work on Lobbying in Russia] (Moscow: Alpina Biznes Buks);
P. A. Tolstykh (ed.) (2007), Luchshie lobbisty Gosudarstvennoi Dumy FS RF IV sozyva: 2003–2007 [The Best Lobbyists of the 4th State Duma: 2003–2007] (Moscow: Tsentr po izucheniiu problem vzaimodeistviia biznesa i vlasti) [Centre for the Study of Interaction Problems between Business and the Authorities]; ‘Tenevaya Duma’: interesy dumskikh lobbistov (2001) [The Shadow Duma: Interests of Duma Lobbyists] (Moscow: Tsentr politicheskoi informatsii). This sweep of the literature produced a dataset of 100 laws for the first four Dumas.
P. Chaisty (2006), Legislative Politics and Economic Power in Russia (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 149.
See T. Stanovaya (2009), Zakon o torgovle: politika i lobbizm [The Law on Trade: Policy and Lobbying] http://www.politcom.ru/9334.html;
I. Kalinina (2010), ‘Petlya bumeranga’ [The Loop of the Boomerang], Biznes-zhurnal, No. 3, 20 March, http://offline.business-magazine.ru/2010/169/330352/page/1/.
See D. Nikolaeva (2010), ‘Lekarstvam propishut popravki’ [They Prescribe Amendments to Medicine], Kommersant, No. 20, 5 February;
D. Nikolaeva (2010), ‘Lekarstva upakovany pod kontrol tsen’ [Medicine is Packed under Price Control], Kommersant, No. 43, 15 March.
Y. Fedorov (1995), ‘Economic Interests and Lobbies in the Formulation of Russian Foreign Policy’, Post-Soviet Business Forum Briefing, No. 5 (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs), p. 2.
E. Glybina, V. Dyatlikovich and A. Tsygankov (2010), ‘Kak rabotaet russkaya demokratiya’ [How Russian Democracy Works], Russkii reporter, No. 35, 9 September.
Tolstykh (2006) (note 247); P. A. Tolstykh (ed.) (2010), Luchshie lobbisty Gosudarstvennoi Dumy FS RF V sozyva: 2007–2010 [The Best Lobbyists of the 5th State Duma: 2007–2010] (Moscow: Tsentr po izucheniyu problem vzaimodeistviya biznesa i vlasti) [Centre for the Study of Mutual Problems between Business and the Authorities].
P. Chaisty (2005), ‘Majority Control and Executive Dominance: Parliament-President Relations in Putin’s Russia’, in Alex Pravda (ed.), Leading Russia: Putin in Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
V. Khamraev (2007), ‘Zakonodatelnaya vlast “otlichilas” ispolnitelnostyu’ [The Legislature was ‘Singled Out’ by the Executive Power], Kommersant, No. 213, 20 November.
M. Barshchevsky (2009), ‘Dokumenty s temnym proshlym’ [Documents with a Dark Past], Rossiiskaya gazeta: yuridicheskaya nedelya, No. 5009, 1 October.
B. Stolyarov (2000), ‘Lobbit po-russki — 2’ [Lobbying in Russian — 2], Novaya gazeta, No. 30, 17 July.
See V. Belchenko (2010), ‘Ona byudzhetu otdana’ [The Budget Is Presented], Ogonek, No. 6, 15 February;
L. Tagaev (2010), ‘Nizhnyaya palata N. 5’ [The Lower Chamber no. 5], Novaya gazeta, No. 44, 26 April.
E. Zubchenko (2010), ‘Uskorenie byudzheta’ [Speeding-Up the Budget], Novye izvestiya, No. 102, 15 June.
H. Pitkin (1967), The Concept of Representation (Berkeley: University of California Press).
I. Petrov (2010), ‘Deputatam postavili na vid’ [Under Deputies’ Scrutiny], RBK Daily, 23 September.
See O. J. Reuter and T. Remington (2009), ‘Dominant Party Regimes and the Commitment Problem: The Case of United Russia’, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 501–26.
R. Wintrobe (1998), The Political Economy of Dictatorship (New York: Cambridge University Press).
B. Bueno de Mesquita, A. Smith, R. M. Siverson, and J. D. Morrow (2003), The Logic of Political Survival (Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press), p. 8.
E.g. see M. McFaul and K. Stoner-Weiss (2008), ‘The Myth of the Authoritarian Model’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 1 (January/February), pp. 68–84.
T. F. Remington (2008), ‘Patronage and the Party of Power: President-Parliament Relations Under Vladimir Putin’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 959–87.
World Bank (2010), Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs (Washington, DC: World Bank).
O. Gaman-Golutvina (2007), ‘Political Elites in the Commonwealth of Independent States: Recruitment and Rotation Tendencies’, Comparative Sociology, Vol. 6, No. 1–2, p. 136.
O. Gaman-Golutvina (2008), ‘Changes in Elite Patterns’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 60, No. 6, p. 1034.
S. Gehlbach (2008), Representation through Taxation: Revenue, Politics, and Development in Postcommunist States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
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Chaisty, P. (2012). Business Representation in the State Duma. In: Jonson, L., White, S. (eds) Waiting for Reform under Putin and Medvedev. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137011206_8
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