Abstract
As Lyndon Johnson took office in November 1963, his increasing nonchalance would come to replace Kennedy’s hands-on approach to UNESCO. President Johnson’s confrontations with the civil rights movement at home and the war in Vietnam on the world stage began to displace concerns the administration had with cultural relations and UNESCO.1
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Notes
William Preston Jr., Edward Herman and Herbert Schiller, Hope and Folly: The United States and UNESCO, 1945–1985 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 108–109.
UNESCO, Records of the General Conference, 12th Session, Paris, 1962, 44.
UNESCO, Resolutions and Decisions, Executive Board, 66th Session, Paris, 1963, 25.
Margaret Mead, Cultural Patterns and Technological Change (Paris: UNESCO, 1953); “Melanesia, ‘Black Islands’ of the Pacific ‘Milky Way,’” UNESCO Courier 7, 8/9 (1954): 25–31; “Becoming an Educated Man in our Modern World,” UNESCO Courier 14, 1 (1961): 4–7. Please see Margaret Mead Papers and South Pacific Ethnographic Archives, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Specific containers include: Box E145, Folder 1, United Nations-UNESCO 1946–1947; Folder 4, United Nations-UNESCO 1948–1949; Folder 6, United Nations-UNESCO 1955–1957; Box E146, Folder 1, United Nations-UNESCO 1958–1959.
G. Ainsworth Harrison, “The Last Fifty Years of Human Population Biology in North America: An Outsider’s View,” in A History of American Physical Anthropology, ed. Frank Spencer (New York: Academic Press, 1982): 467.
St. Claire Drake, “Reflections on Anthropology and the Black Experience,” Anthropology & Education Quarterly 9, 2 (1978): 95–102.
Lesley Rankin-Hill and Michael Blakey, “W. Montague Cobb: Physical Anthropologist, Anatomist, and Activist,” in African-American Pioneers in Anthropology, eds. Ira E. Harrison and Faye V. Harrison (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999): 130.
Thomas Patterson, A Social History of Anthropology in the United States (New York: Berg, 2001), 123.
The panelists for the 1964 Proposals included: Nigel Barnicot, Department of Anthropology, University College, London; Jean Benoist, director, Department of Anthropology, University of Montreal; Tadeusz Bielicki, Institute of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences; A. E. Boyo, head, Federal Malaria Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Haematology, Lagos University Medical School; V. V. Bunak, Institute of Ethnology, Moscow; Carleton S. Coon, curator, The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania; G. F. Debetz, Institute of Ethnography, Moscow; Adelaide G. de Diaz Ungria, curator, Museum of Natural Sciences, Caracas; Santiago Genoves, Institute of Historical Research, University of Mexico; Robert Gessain, director, Centre of Anthropological Research, Musee de l’Homme, Paris; Jean Hiernaux, Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Paris; Yaya Kane, Senegal National Centre of Blood Transfusion, Dakar; Ramakrishna Mukherjee, head, Sociological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta; Bernard Rensch, Zoological Institute, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat, Munster; Y. Y. Roguinski, Institute of Ethnography, Moscow; Francisco M. Salzano, Institute of Natural Sciences, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Alf Sommerfelt, rector, Oslo University; James N. Spuhler, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan; Hisashi Suzuki, Department of Anthropology, University of Tokyo; J. A. Valsik, Department of Anthropology and Genetics, J. A. Komensky University, Bratislava; Joseph S. Weiner, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London; V. P. Yakimov, Institute of Anthropology, Moscow State University. UNESCO, Four Statements on the Race Question (Paris: UNESCO, 1969), 48–49.
Pat Shipman, The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 174–175.
Rachel Caspari, “From Types to Populations: A Century of Race, Physical Anthropology, and the American Anthropology Association,” American Anthropology 105, 1 (2003): 65.
Carleton Coon, The Origin of Races (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963), vii.
Sherwood Washburn, “The Study of Race,” American Anthropologist 65, 3 (1963): 526, 31.
Rod Bush, We Are Not What We Seem: Black Nationalism and Class Struggle in the American Century (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 172;
Jeffrey Ogbar, Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 21
Dean Robinson, Black Nationalism in American Politics and Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 34.
Peniel Joseph, Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 35–39.
Jean Hiernaux, “Biological Aspects of the Racial Question,” in Four Statements on the Race Question (Paris: UNESCO, 1969), 11.
Frank Livingstone, “On the Nonexistence of Human Races,” Current Anthropology 3 (1962): 279.
Throughout US history, particularly in the postwar period, the question of integration brought with it a heightened attention to the sensitive issue of “interracial” sex. With successful movement toward legal integration in the workforce, publicconveyances, andeducationalinstitutions,miscegenation remained an emotional site of the debates. In 1958 a “mixed” couple legally married in the District of Columbia were tried and found guilty ofviolating the Racial Integrity Act of 1924, which barred “interracial marriage” in the state of Virginia. The couple, Richard Perry Loving and Mildred Jeter Loving relocated to the nation’s capital and began a series of legal battles to overturn the Virginia court’s decision in 1963. Arguing on the grounds of the fourteenth amendment, the Lovings would have their marriage legally recognized by the US Supreme Court in 1967, as Chief Justice Earl Warren penned the majority opinion that declared the anti-miscegenation laws of 16 US states unconstitutional.The structure of “race” in the United States had always been maintained by legal and social determinations of who belonged to which “racial” group. Scholars have traced the myriad constellations of laws that came about in the colonial period to maintain a social and economic order defined by the exploitation of racialized labor. As evidenced by the Lovings’ Supreme Court case, miscegenation represented a survival of blatantly racist beliefs based on fear and inaccurate understandings of biological and cultural difference between the “races.” Loving v. Virginia 388 U.S. 1 (1967). In 1967 Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia had antimiscegenation laws. The state of Alabama was the last to remove antimiscegenation laws in the year 2000. Naomi Zack, Race and Mixed Race (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993)
Kevin R. Johnson, ed., Mixed Race American and the Law: A Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2003)
Abby L. Ferber, White Man Falling: Race, Gender, and White Supremacy (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998)
Susan Koshy, Sexual Naturalization: Asian Americans and Miscegenation (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004)
Al Hurtado, Intimate Frontiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Old California (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race (London: Verso, 1994)
Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-CenturyAmerica (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990)
Elise Virginia Lemire, Miscegenation: Making Race in America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002)
Joshua D. Rothman, Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
Jill Olumide, Raiding the Gene Pool: The Social Construction of Mixed Race (London: Pluto Press, 2002)
Rainier Spencer, Spurious Issues: Race and Multiracial Identity Politics in the United States (Boulder: Westview Press, 1999).
Hiernaux, “Problems of Race Definition,” International Social Science Journal 27, 1 (1965): 115–117.
Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and The Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 181–182.
Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 203–212.
Nick Kotz, Judgement Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws That Changed America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), 333.
Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954–1992 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 184–188.
The 1967 panel consisted of: Professor Muddathir Abdel Rahim, University of Khartwoum (Sudan); Professor Georges Balandier, Universite de Paris; Professor Celio de Oliveira Borja, University of Guanabara (Brazil); Professor Lloyd Braithwaite, University of the West Indies; Professor Leonard Broom, University of Texas; Professor G. F. Debetz, Institute of Ethnography, Moscow; Professor J. Djorjevic, University of Belgrade; Dean Clarence Clyde Ferguson, Howard University; Dr. Dharam P. Ghai, University College (Kenya); Professor Louis Guttman, Hebrew University (Israel); Professor Jean Hiernaux, Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Professor A. Kloskowska, University of Lodz (Poland); Judge Keba M’Baye, president of the Supreme Court (Senegal); Professor John Rex, University of Durham (United Kingdom); Professor Mariano R. Solveira, University of Havana (Cuba); Professor Hisashi Suzuki, University of Tokyo; Dr. Romila Thapur, University of Delhi; Professor C. H. Waddington, University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom). UNESCO, Four Statements on the Race Question (Paris: UNESCO, 1969), 55–56.
Alana Lentin, “Racial States, Anti-Racist Responses: Picking Holes in ‘Culture’ and ‘Human Rights,’” European Journal of Social Theory 7, 4 (2004): 429.
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© 2012 Anthony Q. Hazard Jr.
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Hazard, A.Q. (2012). Radicalization and the Collapse of Postwar Anti-racism. In: Postwar Anti-racism. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137003843_7
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