Abstract
Preceding chapters have presented a series of discrete stages in the development of liberal democracy, from pre-democratic institutions in the cities and provinces of the Low Countries, through the establishment of parliamentary government in England, to representative government based on popular sovereignty in the US and, as a striking example of its subsequent extension to many other countries, in postwar Germany. Two other themes, relating to possible further stages of democratic development, have also been considered: a more participatory form of democracy, and democracy beyond the nation-state. This concluding chapter seeks to place the successive stages in a historical perspective of the development from ‘pre-democratic’ to democratic institutions and, in particular, to consider their relationship with the two ‘democratic transformations’: to the level of the nation-state and, potentially, to the level of a union of nation-states.1
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Notes
Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), pp.2, 18–20, 316–20;
David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), pp.32, 73, 143, 227.
E.H. Kossmann, ‘Freedom in seventeenth-century Dutch thought and practice’, in Jonathan I. Israel (ed.), The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its World Impact (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp.291–2.
Hans Daalder, Ancient and Modern Pluralism in the Netherlands, The 1989 Erasmus Lectures at Harvard University (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989–90), pp. 13–14.
See, for example, John Keane, Tom Paine: A Political Life (London: Bloomsbury, 1995), pp. 108–29, 304–44 and ch. 10.
Cited, in notes from Lord Acton’s unpublished manuscripts, in G.E. Fasnacht, Acton’s Political Philosophy (London: Hollis and Carter, 1952), p.243.
David Held, Models of Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987), pp.254–99; citation from p.299.
See Laski’s letter of 2 November 1919 to Bertrand Russell, in Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1914–1944, vol. 2 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968), p. 113, in which he wrote that Proudhon’s Du Principe fédératif and De la Justice dans la Révolution were ‘two very great books’.
Jean Monnet, ‘Discours au Séance d’Inauguration de la Haute Autorité’, in Monnet, les Etats-Unis d’Europe ont commencé: la Communauté Européenne de Charbon et de l’Acier-discours et allocutions (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1955), pp.56–8.
Louis Joxe, Victoires sur la nuit: Mémoires 1940–1946 (Paris: Flammarion, 1981)
cited in Henri Rieben, Des Guerres Européennes à l’Union de l’Europe (Lausanne: Fondation Jean Monnet pour l’Europe, 1987), pp.352–3; and personal information.
Altiero Spinelli, Diario Europeo 1948/49, a cura di Edmondo Paolini (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1989), p.142.
See Sergio Pistone, ‘Il ruolo di Altiero Spinelli nella genesi dell’art.38 della Comunità Europea di Difesa e del progetto di Comunità Politica Europea’, in Gilbert Trausch (ed.), The European Integration from the Schuman Plan to the Treaties of Rome (Baden-Baden and Brussels: Nomos Verlag and Bruylant, 1993).
T.C. Hartley, The Foundations of Community Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, 1st edition, 1981), p.55.
Jean-Victor Louis, ‘La constitution de l’Union européenne’, in Mario Telò (ed.), Démocratie et Constitution Européenne (Brussels: Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 1995), pp.332–3.
For a review of those policies, see John Pinder, ‘The European Community and Democracy in Eastern Europe’, in Geoffrey Pridham, Eric Herring and George Sanford (eds), Building Democracy? — The International Dimension of Démocratisation in Eastern Europe (London: Cassel, 2nd edition, 1997; 1st edition London: Leicester University Press, 1994);
Pinder, ‘Community against Conflict: The European Community’s Contribution to Ethno-National Peace in Europe’, in Abram Chayes and Antonia Chayes (eds), Preventing Conflict in the Post-Communist World: Mobilizing International and Regional Organizations (Washington, DC: Hie Brookings Institution, 1996).
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Pinder, J. (1999). Foundations for Democracy in the European Union. In: Pinder, J. (eds) Foundations of Democracy in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333982716_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333982716_9
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