Skip to main content

Color and Class: The Promulgation of Elitist Attitudes at Black Colleges

  • Chapter

Abstract

This historical analysis uses the Black college as a lens through which to explore the often skirted issues of classism and colorism within the Black community. Blacks living in America have been the targets of racism since the inception of slavery; it is well known that the origin of much of the intolerance sat within the White community. However, arguably less widely recognized is the intraracial prejudice rooted in the Black community.

Wouldn’t they be surprised when one day I woke out of my black ugly dream, and my real hair, which was long and blond, would take the place of the kinky mass Momma wouldn’t let me straighten? My light-blue eyes would hypnotize them.

Maya Angelou

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, W. 1992. The color of success: African American college student outcomes at predominantly White and historically Black colleges. Harvard Educational Review 6: 26–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. 1988. The education of Blacks in the South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1946, July. Negro pulchritude. Ebony, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, K. 1994, September. The color thing. Essence, 25, 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J. 2001. Toni Morrison and the burden of the passing narrative. African American Review 35(2): 205–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, J. 1985. The Black community: Diversity and unity. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, C. 2003. Skin bleaching, self-hate, and Black identity in Jamaica. Journal of Black Studies 33(6): 711–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. E. 1998. “Two Joes meet-Joe college, Joe veteran”: The GI Bill, college education, and postwar American culture. History of Education Quarterly 38(2): 165–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross Brazzell, J. 1992. Bricks without straw: Missionary-sponsored Black higher education in the post-emancipation era. Journal of Higher Education 63(1): 26–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, R. 2003. Multiracial identity in global perspective: The United States, Brazil, and South Africa. In New faces in a changing America, ed. L. I. Winters and H. L. DeBose, 247–86. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Definition of Colorism by the Center for Race and Gender. 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2005, from http://crg.berkeley.edu/programs/programs.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drewry, H, and H. Doermann. 2003. Stand and prosper: Private Black colleges and their students. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W. E. B. 1978. W. E. B. Du Bois on sociology and the Black community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W, ed. 2003. The Negro problem. New York: Humanity Books. Original work published in 1903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W. 2005. The souls of Black folk. New York: Pocket Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Editor. 1997. The rising number of African-American college diplomas. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 17, 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, F. E. 1957. Black bourgeoisie: The book that brought the shock of self-revelation to middle-class Blacks in America. New York: Free Press Paperbacks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, H. E., D. Armor, J. M. Ross, and T. E Pettigrew. 1966. Color gradation and attitudes among middle-income Negroes. American Sociological Review 31(3): 365–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, K., ed. 1998. African American culture and heritage in higher education research and practice. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, K. 2005. African Americans and college choice: The influence of family and school. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasman, M. 2006. Salvaging “academic disaster areas”: The Black college response to Christopher Jencks and David Riesman’s 1967 Harvard Educational Review article. Journal of Higher Education 77(2): 317–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gasman, M., and S. Anderson-Thompkins. 2003. Fund raising from Black-college alumni: Successful strategies for supporting alma mater. Washington, DC: Council for Advancement and Support of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatewood, W. B. 2000. Aristocrats of color: The educated Black elite of the post-reconstruction era. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 29 (August 2000): 112–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 2000. Aristocrats of color: The Black elite, 1880–1920. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, M. 2004. Don’t play in the sun: One woman’s journey through the color complex. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwine, N. 2005. The legacy of the brown paper bag. Hilltop, September 16. Available at http://www:thehilltoponline.com/media/storage/paper590/news/2005/09/16/Campus/ The-Legacy.Of.The.Brown.Paper.Bag-987550.shtml.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. 2000. Our kind of people: Inside America’s Black upper class. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, R. D., N. LaBeach, E. Pridgen, and T. M. Gocial. 2005. The intragroup stigmatization of skin tone among Black Americans. Journal of Black Psychology 31(3): 237–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickman, C. 1997. The devil and the one drop rule: Racial categories, African Americans, and the U.S. Census. Michigan Law Review 95(5): 1161–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, M. 2002. Skin color and the perception of attractiveness among African Americans: Does gender make a difference? Social Psychology Quarterly 65(1): 77–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, B. 1963. Another view of “Uncle Tom.” Phylon 24(1): 79–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, M. 2002. If you’re light you’re alright. Gender and Society 16(2): 175–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W. B. 1996. Black Savannah, 1788–1864. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. 2000. Shades of brown: The law of skin color. Duke Law Journal 49(6): 1487–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith, V., and C. Herring. 1991. Skin tone and stratification in the Black community. American Journal of Sociology 97(3): 760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kephart, W. 1948. Is the American Negro becoming lighter? An analysis of the sociological and biological trends. American Sociological Review 13(4): 437–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, A. 2005. The paper bag principle: Of the myth and the motion of colorism. Journal of American Folklore 118(469): 271–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, N. 1969. Passing. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. (Director/Producer/Writer). 1988. School Daze [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, S. 2006. Who’s the fairest of them all? Television ads for skin-whitening cosmetics in Hong Kong. Asian Ethnicity 7(2): 167–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, M. 1980. The extra-curricular activities of Black college students, 1868–1940. Journal of Negro History 65(3): 135–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, K. B. 2002. Brown paper bag syndrome: Dark-skinned Blacks are subject to greater discrimination. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 37, 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, M., R. Miller, and R. Page. 1975. The effects of racial context on the perception of physical attractiveness. Sociometry 38(4): 525–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parks, G., and C. Phillips. 2005. African American fraternities and sororities: The legacy and the vision. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.

    Google Scholar 

  • The rising number of African-American college diplomas. 1997. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 17, 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, J. 1975. Southern Black student activism: Assimilation vs. nationalism. Journal of Negro Education 44(2): 113–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, K., M. Wilson, and R. Hall. 1990. The color complex. New York: Double Day Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirk, D. (Director), and H Hurst (Writer). 1959. Imitation of Life [Motion picture]. United States: Universal International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckey, S. 1987. Slave culture: Nationalist theory and the foundations of Black America. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Texeira, M. T. 2003. The new multiculturalism: An affirmation of or an end to race as we know it? In New faces in a changing America, ed. L. I. Winteres and H. L. DeBose, 21–8. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thelin, J. 2004. A history of American higher education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toplin, R. 1979. Between Black and White: Attitudes toward Southern mulattoes, 1830–1861. Journal of Southern History 45(2): 185–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. 1991. Historically Black colleges and universities and higher education desegregation. Retrieved May 6, 2007, from http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq9511.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, C. 1940. The concept of Negro inferiority in American thought. Journal of Negro History 25(4): 540–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. 2004. I’ll find a way or make one. A tribute to historically Black colleges and universities. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willie, C., and D. Cunnigen. 1981. Black students in higher education: A review of studies, 1965–1980. Annual Review of Sociology 7: 177–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A White wash at Vanity Fair? 2005. Radar, October 14. Retrieved November 3, 2005, from http://www.radaronline.com/fresh-intelligence/2005/10/14.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2008 Marybeth Gasman and Christopher L. Tudico

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Taylor, B. (2008). Color and Class: The Promulgation of Elitist Attitudes at Black Colleges. In: Gasman, M., Tudico, C.L. (eds) Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230617261_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics