Abstract
A crowd toppled the statue of the mounted dictator at the entry to the downtown baseball stadium. Looters a few blocks away grabbed souvenirs from the presidential palace and a guerrilla threw herself on the dictator’s bed, wrapped in a red and black rebel flag.1 Then, a mob began to form outside Novedades, the newspaper that had used its columns to justify two generations of the Somoza dynasty to Nicaraguan readers. Guards stopped the jubilant, rowdy throng at the door.2
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Notes
Steven Strasser et al., “Life without Somoza,” Newsweek, July 30, 1979, 44; Ernesto Cardenal, La Revolución Perdida (Managua, Nicaragua: Anama Ediciones Centroamericanas, 2003), 297. This is a memoir.
Carlos Fernando Chamorro, interview by author, July 9, 2002, Managua, Nicaragua. Chamorro was the editor of Barricada from shortly after its founding until 1994.
Valerie Miller, “The Nicaraguan Literacy Crusade,” in Nicaragua in Revolution, ed. Thomas W. Walker (New York: Praeger, 1982), 243.
Rubén Darío, “A Roosevelt,” Cantos de Vida y Esperanza (Madrid: Editorial Mundo Latino, 1905).
Pablo Antonio Cuadra, interview by author, June 8, 1999, Managua, Nicaragua; Ernesto Cardenal, interview by author, June 10, 1999, Managua, Nicaragua; Ariel Montoya, interview by author, June 6, 1999, Managua, Nicaragua. Montoya is a literary critic. Nearly every Nicaraguan newspaper published in the past thirty years, at least, contains a Sunday literary supplement.
Selser, Sandino, 43. U.S. troops occupied Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933, except for a few months in late 1925 and early 1926.
Anastasio Somoza, El Verdadero Sandino; O, El Calvario de las Segovias (Managua: Tip. Robelo, 1936).
Edmisten, Nicaragua Divided, 26; Selser, Sandino, 347.
Alfredo, interview by Danny Perez, May 26, 1980, mueble no.6 gaveta 6.12, CNA.7A-1, Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centro América, Managua, Nicaragua.
Cassette 153, interview by Vilma Ortiz, May 23, 1980, mueble no. 5 gaveta 5.12, CNA.13A-164, Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centro América, Managua, Nicaragua; Francisca Pérez Miranda, interview by Juana María García, July 10, 1980, Mueble no. 1 lado B, CNA.1A-357, Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centro América, Managua, Nicaragua; Alfredo, interview by Danny Pérez, May 26, 1980, mueble no.6 gaveta 6.12, CNA.7A-1, Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centro América, Managua, Nicaragua; Natividad Gonzalez Gaitan, interview by René Herrera, June 2, 1980, mueble no. 5 gaveta 5.2, CAN.10A-276, Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centro América, Managua, Nicaragua; Silvio Vega, interview by Vilma Ortiz, June 1, 1980, mueble no. 5 gaveta 5.12, CNA.13A-165, Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centro América, Managua, Nicaragua.
Anderson, Matanza: El Salvador’s Communist Revolt of 1932, 13–14.
Anderson, Matanza: El Salvador’s Communist Revolt of 1932, 184.
Steven Palmer, “Carlos Fonseca and the Construction of Sandinismo in Nicaragua,” Latin American Research Review 23, no. 1 (1988): 99.
Hugo Cancino Troncoso, Las Raíces Históricas e Ideológicas del Movimiento Sandinista: Antecedentes de la Revolución Nacional y Popular Nicaragüense, 1927–1979 (Odense: Odense Univ. Press, 1984).
Kris Kodrich, Tradition and Change in the Nicaraguan Press, 17; Michael Massing, “Nicaragua’s Free-Fire Journalism,” Columbia Journalism Review, July–August 1988, 33.
Adam Jones, “The Death of Barricada: Politics and Professionalism in the Post-Sandinista Press,” Journalism Studies 2, no. 2 (2001): 24.
Jones, Beyond the Barricades, 1979–1998, 249. El Pueblo did not resume publication until the Sandinistas lost the 1990 elections.
Sofia Montenegro, interview by author, Managua, Nicaragua, July 10, 2002. Chamorro, interview; Cortés, interview; Arce, interview.
Chamorro, interview; Montenegro, interview; Cortés, interview; José Luís Lara, interview by author, Managua, Nicaragua, December 11, 2003; Luis Barbosa, interview by author, 1 Managua, Nicaragua, July 8, 2002. Barbosa headed the printers’ union during the revolution and was head of Nicaragua’s largest labor federation at the time of the interview.
Thomas Hughes, Loyola and the Educational System of the Jesuits (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892), 88.
Elvis Chavarría, translated by David Gullette, “Nicaraguan Peasant Poetry from Solentiname,” (Albuquerque, NM: West End Press, 1988), 58.
Ernesto Cardenal, El Evangelio en Solentiname (Caracas: Editorial Signo Contemporáneo, 1978).
Nubia Arcía, translated by Peter Wright. The Peasant Poets of Solentiname (London: Katabasis, 1991), 88.
UNESCO. “Premio Nadezhda K. Krupskaya, Premio Asociación Internacional de Lectura y Premio NOMA 1980—Proclamación,” Paris, UNESCO, September, 1980, 1–2. Later studies found that the numbers may have been exaggerated or that some participants may have lapsed back into illiteracy. Nevertheless, the campaign is still considered a model for other countries. Ulrike Hanemann, “Nicaragua’s Literacy Campaign,” paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report 2006, Literacy for Life, 9.
Chamorro, interview; Guillermo Cortés Domínguez and Juan Ramón Huerta Chavarría, “La Crítica Periodística en el Diario Barricada” (Licenciatura thesis, Universidad Centroamericana, 1988), 5.
Víctor Tirado López. Paper presented at the Día del Periodista y del Centenario del Diarismo en Nicaragua, acto central de la Unión de Periodistas, Managua, March 1, 1984.
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© 2008 Juanita Darling
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Darling, J. (2008). Newspapers and Citizenship in Revolutionary Nicaragua. In: Latin America, Media, and Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan Series in International Political Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230612006_3
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