Abstract
IN THE 1920S AND ’30S, THE SOCIOLOGIST ROBERT PARK CONCEPTUALIZED the notion of marginality as a core experience of ethnic and racial minorities.3 According to Park, the “marginal man” is caught between two societies that are “antagonistic.”4 As he navigates his way between these two societies, he experiences a “conflict of cultures,” and with it, “inner turmoil and intense self-consciousness.”5 Park’s notion of the “marginal man” had a strong influence on American social thought.
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Notes
Mikhail M. Bakhtin, Art and Answerability: Early Philosophical Essays, eds. Michael Holquist and Vadim Liapunov, translated by Vadim Liapunov and Kenneth Brostrom (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), 132.
Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 3. I would like to thank Barbara Finkelstein for bringing Berlin’s book to my attention.
Robert Park, “Cultural Conflict and the Marginal Man,” in The Collected Papers of Robert Ezra Park, vol. I, Race and Culture, eds. E. C. Hughes, C. S. Johnson, J. Masuoka, R. Redfield, and L. Wirth (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1950), 373
Lawrence A. Cremin, Public Education (New York: Basic Books, 1976), 27.
Katerina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 63–65.
Sucheng Chan, Asian Americans: An Interpretive History (Boston: Twayne,1991), 45–61;Elmer C. Sandmeyer, The Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1939); Roger Daniels, ed. Anti-Chinese Violence in North America (New York: Arno, 1978); Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962); Yuji Ichioka, The Issei: The World of the First Generation Japanese Immigrants, 1885–1924 (New York: Free Press, 1988), 176–254.
Lani Guinier and Gerald Torres, The Miner’s Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2002),131–38. For example, in Greensboro, North Carolina, workers at the Kmart distribution center effected changes that ultimately benefited the larger community. Workers at the center—the only one with a predominantly black workforce—received less in wages andbenefits than any other Kmart center in the country. What began as an analysis of black discrimination moved to a recognition that white workers at the center were also discriminated against, affecting all of the workers’ families and the larger community. Through interracial coalition building, power sharing, and community involvement, the workers and their supporters challenged successfully the status quo.
Peter Jamero’s memoir, Growing Up Brown: Memoirs of a Filipino American (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006), also calls the children of immigrants the “bridge generation.”
Gary Okihiro,Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 148–75.
Daryl Smith, The Challenge of Diversity: Involvement or Alienation in the Academy? (Washington, DC: George Washington University, 1989), 7; Amy Agbayani, “The Education of Filipinos in Hawai‘i” Social Process in Hawaii 37 (1996): 150.
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© 2008 Eileen H. Tamura
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Tamura, E.H. (2008). Introduction. In: Tamura, E.H. (eds) The History of Discrimination in U.S. Education. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230611030_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230611030_1
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