Skip to main content

The Watershed

  • Chapter
  • 63 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter shows that the Japanese government has adopted an accommodating response to the general unwillingness of the United States to move forward with nuclear disarmament. Nearly in tandem with Washington, the Japanese government has accepted Washington’s undercutting of the nuclear nonproliferation regime’s main objective—the elimination all nuclear weapons. What is more, Tokyo showed no sustained dissatisfaction with Washington’s withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and has increasingly involved Japan in the U.S.-initiated missile defense system. All of this has occurred, despite Tokyo’s repeated public proclamations affirming Japan’s strong commitment to the elimination of all nuclear weapons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Conference by the Press Secretary, October 12, 1999, accessed at http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/press/1999/10/1012.html on January 18, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  2. See Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by Foreign Minister Yohei Kono on the Refusal by the U.S. Senate to Ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), October 14, 1999, accessed on January 18, 2002 at http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/1999/10/1014–2.html; “Japan Worried by Treaty’s Defeat,” The Washington Post October 16, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Danger, “Test Ban Treaty: Still in America’s Interests but the Bush Administration is Befuddled on Whether to End Nuclear Blast,” Coalition Issue Brief vol. 5, no. 13, June 8, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rebecca Johnson, “Boycotts and Blandishments: Making the CTBT Visible,” Diplomacy Today, no. 61, October–November 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Philipp Bleek, “White House to Partially Fund Test Ban Implementing Body,” Arms Control Today, September 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan’s Submission of a Draft Resolution on Nuclear Disarmament to the United Nations General Assembly, Tokyo, October 19, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by the Press Secretary/Director-General for Press and Public Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on the Adoption of the Draft Resolution on Nuclear Disarmament Submitted by Japan to the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly Tokyo, November 6, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Translated by Hiro Umebayashi, Diet Debate on UN Resolution (November 2001), accessed on January 14, 2002 from the Peace Depot (Yokohama, Japan) website at http://peacedpot.org/e-news/nd/diet.html.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Address by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi at the Hiroshima Memorial Service for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial, Hiroshima, August 6, 2001;

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Address by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi at the Nagasaki Memorial Service for the 56th Nagasaki Peace Ceremony, Nagasaki, August 9, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Japan Statement by H.E. Mr. Nobuyasu Abe, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at the Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, United Nations, New York, November 12, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Joint Ministerial Statement on the CTBT, Tokyo, September 14, 2002;

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, CTBT Launch of Joint Ministerial Statement ( Overview and Evaluation ), Tokyo, September 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan’s Recent Efforts to Promote the Early Entry into Force of the CTBT, August 2003, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Department of State, United States Embassy, Transcript: Undersecretary Bolton Fields Queries on Iraq, N. Korea, Tokyo, August 26, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan’s Initiatives for Facilitating the CTBT’s EIF ( Entry into Force ), Tokyo, September 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive NuclearTest-Ban Treaty, Report of the Conference, Vienna, September 3–5, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Yoriko Kawaguchi, Foreign Minister of Japan, Speech to be Delivered at the 3rd Conference on Facilitating the Early Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Vienna, September 3, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Enio Cordeiro, Deputy Permanent Representative to the Conference, Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Statement by the Brazilian Delegation, Vienna, September 3, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Thomas Kitt, Minister of State, Visit by Minister of State Kitt to Vienna 31 August to 4 September 2003 CTBTO Article XIV Conference, National Statement, Vienna, September 3, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Barbara Bridge, Permanent Representative to the Conference, Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, 3–5 September 2003, Vienna, September 4, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Alfred Tokollo Moleah, Permanent Representative to the Conference, Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, 3–5 September, Statement by South Africa, Vienna, September 5, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Press Release, Conference Closes with Adoption of Final Declaration Calling for Universal Ratification of the CTBT, Vienna, September 5, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Draft Report of the Conference, New York, September 21–23, 2005;

    Google Scholar 

  25. Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Draft Final Declaration and Measures to Promote the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, New York, September 21–23, 2005;

    Google Scholar 

  26. Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations, Statement by H.E. Mr. Tatsuo Arima, the Special Envoy of the Government of Japan at the Fourth Conference of Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, New York, September 22, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  27. In the aftermath of the September 2001 attacks on the United States, the Bush administration averred, contrary to many lawmakers in Washington who supported beefing up the nation’s counterterrorism capabilities, that missile defense would be necessary for protection against future terrorist assaults. However, a report issued by the Central Intelligence Agency in December 2001 indicated that an attack on U.S. territory employing weapons of mass destruction is more likely to occur by a state or nonstate group using ships, trucks, and airplanes rather than by missiles. See National Intelligence Council, Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat Through 2015: Unclassified Summary of a National Intelligence Estimate (McLean, VA: Central Intelligence Agency, December 2001 ).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Office of the Press Secretary, President Discusses National Missile Defense, The White House Rose Garden, Washington, DC, December 13, 2001, accessed on January 14, 2001 at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/12.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Office of the Press Secretary, Joint Press Conference with President George W. Bush and President Jose Maria Aznar, Moncloa Palace, Madrid, Spain, June 12, 2001, accessed at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/06/20010612–6.html on January 14, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Office of the Press Secretary, Remarks at Fundraising Dinner for Senator Wayne Allard and Governor Bill Owens, Adams Mark Hotel, Denver, Colorado, August 14, 2001, accessed at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/08/20010814-6.html on January 14, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Office of the Press Secretary, Remarks by the President on the Budget, Harry S. Truman High School, Independence, Missouri, August 21, 2001, accessed on January 14, 2002 at http://www.hitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/08/20010821.html.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Office of the Press Secretary, Remarks at Fundraising Dinner for Senator Wayne Allard and Governor Bill Owens, Dever, Colorado, August 14, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Anthony DiFilippo, The Challenges of the U.S. Japan Military Arrangement: Competing Security Transitions in a Changing International Environment ( Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002 ).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Exchange of Notes Concerning a Program for Cooperative Research on Ballistic Missile Technologies Based on the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement between Japan and the United States of America, Tokyo, August 16, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Zan Jifang, “Japan Overseas Military Actions Arouse Concern,” Beijing Review, no. 47, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Wang Fan, “Sino-Japanese Relations: Year of Events,” Beijing Review, no. 52, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan’s Position on the Missile Defense Plan, Tokyo, November 29, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Rebecca Johnson, “U.N. First Committee Seeks a New Agenda on Disarmament and Backs the ABM Treaty,” Disarmament Diplomacy, no. 41, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Donald Rumsfeld, “Unclassified Letter to Congress” (accompanying the Nuclear Posture Review), January 10, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  40. United Nations, Department of Disarmament Affairs, 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, New York, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan’s Position on the Missile Defense Plan, Tokyo, November 29, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Tadatoshi Akiba, Mayor of Hiroshima, Letter of Protest, January 18, 2002. Letter accessed on the city of Hiroshima homepage on February 15, 2002 at http://www.city.hiroshima.jp.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Alexander Yakovenko, the Official Spokesman of Russia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Answers a Question from Russian Media Concerning Reports on US Strategic Plans in Nuclear Field, Moscow, January 9, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  44. For information on U.S. and Russian subcritical nuclear testing from 1997 to 2000 see Jonathan Medalia, “Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty,” Congressional Brief National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, DC, January 11, 2001. For information on Russian subcritical nuclear testing also see “Seven Subcritical Tests in the Artic,” Bellona February 8, 2000, accessed at www.bellona.no/imaker?id=1&sub=1on February 14, 2002. Information on subcritical nuclear testing performed by the United States, the United Kingdom and Russia can be found on the Hiroshima City website (Protests against Nuclear Tests) at www.city.hiroshima.jp/e/index-E.html.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Eric Arnett, “Big Science, Small Results,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 54, no. 4, July/August 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Quoted in David Albright, “The Shots Heard ‘Round the World,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 54, no. 4, July/August 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  47. General Assembly of the United Nations, United States Calls on Disarmament Conference to Accept Draft Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty without Changes, Press Release, New York, August 1, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Conference by the Press Secretary, 2 October 1998, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Conference by the Press Secretary, 11 December, 1998, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Facing Nuclear Dangers: An Action Plan for the 21st Century Japan Institute of International Affairs and Hiroshima Peace Institute, Tokyo, July 25, 1999, p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Akiba, Letter of Protest; Tadatoshi Akiba, Mayor of Hiroshima, Letter of Protest, February 15, 2002. Letters accessed at http://pcf.city.hiroshima.jp on February 15, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Iccho Itoh, Mayor of Nagasaki, Letter of Protest, Washington, DC, February 15, 2002;

    Google Scholar 

  53. Iccho Itoh, Mayor of Nagasaki, Letter of Protest, February 15, 2002. Letters accessed on February 15, 2002 at http://wwwl.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Iccho Itoh, Mayor of Nagasaki, Letter of Protest, Mr. William J. Clinton, Washington, DC, July 3, 1997. Letter accessed at http://www.us1.nagasakinoc-or.jp/-nacity/na-bomb/na-peacee.html on September 4, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations ( New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996 ), pp. 190–191;

    Google Scholar 

  56. Richard Butler, Fatal Choice: Nuclear Weapons and the Illusion of Missile Defense ( Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001 ), p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kenneth Totty, “Nuclear Proliferation on the Indian Subcontinent,” Joint Force Quarterly, no. 24, Spring 2000, p. 67.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs Yohei Kano on the Decision for the Indefinite Extension of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation ofNuclear Weapons (NPT), Tokyo, May 12, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Minister’s Major Speeches and Articles: The NPT Review and Extension Conference, New York, April 18, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  60. U.S. Department of State, International Information Programs, Decisions and Resolutions of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference, Washington, DC, accessed on March 18, 2002, at http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/arms/stories/confact.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Security Council of the United Nations, Security Council Resolution 984 (1995) on Security Assurances against the Use of Nuclear Weapons to Non-Nuclear Weapon States that are Parties to the Treaty on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, New York, April 11, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  62. See Directorate General, Arms Control and Scientific Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan’s Disarmament Polity (Tokyo: Center for the Promotion of Disarmament and Nonproliferation, Japan Institute of International Affairs, March 2003 ), pp. 45–47.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Conference by the Press Secretary, Comment by Chief Cabinet Secretary Kanezo Muraoka on the Nuclear Tests Conducted by the Republic of India, Tokyo, May 15, 1998;

    Google Scholar 

  64. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Comments by the Chief Cabinet Secretary on Measures in Response to Nuclear Testing Conducted by Pakistan, Tokyo, May 29, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Satu Limaye, “Tokyo’s Dynamic Diplomacy: Japan and the Subcontinent’s Nuclear Tests,” Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, vol. 22, no. 2, 2000, pp. 322–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Announcement by Chief Cabinet Secretary on Discontinuation of Measures in Response to Nuclear Testing Conducted by India and Pakistan, Tokyo, October 26, 2001; “India, Pakistan Sanctions to Go,” Asahi Shimbun October 24, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Anthony DiFilippo, “Japan’s Anti-Nuclear Weapons Policy Misses its Target, Even in the War on Terrorism,” Medicine, Conflict and Survival, vol. 19, no. 3, July/September 2003, pp. 235–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Statement of Senator Joseph Biden, “Stop Playing with our National Security: Ratify the Test-Ban Treaty,” Congressional Record, September 24, 1999;

    Google Scholar 

  69. Richard Garwin and Georges Charpak, Megawatts and Megatons: A Turning Point in the Nuclear Age? ( New York, Knopf, 2001 ), p. 308.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers, Votes of Senators on Nuclear Testing and The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 106th Congress, October 15, 1999, accessed at http://www.clw.org.coalition/bckgrvts.htm on April 6, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 2006 Anthony DiFilippo

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Difilippo, A. (2006). The Watershed. In: Japan’s Nuclear Disarmament Policy and the U.S. Security Umbrella. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230600720_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics