Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An Era of Accountability

  • Chapter
Leadership Accountability in a Globalizing World

  • 51 Accesses

Abstract

The start of the twenty-first century marked a period of significant questioning of leadership practice and privilege from the international community civil society and leaders themselves. This has been most apparent in three sectors — political violence, political and economic corruption, and environmental security — but there has also been a significant ‘second track’ movement, for instance within public services and the workplace. The question of immunity and extradition is relevant across these three sectors and the role of civil society organizations, discussed in Chapter 4, has been central. This is distinct from related concerns. It is not issue-based accountability, for example about poverty or ecological degradation. It is not the down-system accountability of subordinates by superiors within a line-management system. Nor is it purely about political judgement and decision-making. The focus is now about specific wrongdoing for which specific powerful individuals are being brought to account by their peers and populations — personalized up-system leadership accountability.

It seems more natural in a globally framed world than it did in a statist world to posit accountability of leaders as an essential attribute of a more globalised world order.

Richard Falk1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Falk, Richard (2001) War crimes and collective wrongdoing. Blackwell: Oxford, p115.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hain, Peter (2001) The end of foreign policy? Fabian Society/RIIA: London, p25.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Howell, David (2002) Britain faces constitutional earthquake. International Herald Tribune, 15 January, p7.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Vulliamy, Ed (1999) ‘Neutrality’ and the absence of reckoning: a journalist’s account. Journal of International Affairs, 52(2), pp15–33.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Keane, Fergal (2001) Two arrests, one message to human rights abusers. The Independent (Review), 30 June, p3.

    Google Scholar 

  6. O’Neill, Onora (2002) A question of trust, BBC Reith Lectures — http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2002/lecture_text.shtml

    Google Scholar 

  7. Jackson, Robert L. (1945) Statement by Justice Jackson on War Trials Agreement, Department of State Bulletin, US Government: Washington, 12 August.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Williams, Christopher (2001) Leaders of integrity: ethics and a code for global leadership. UN University Leadership Academy: Amman, pp65–74.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Thompson, Mark (2000) Forging war: the media in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. University of Luton Press: Luton, pv.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bush, George (2004) The driving force behind America’s foreign policy. The Independent, 26 February, p35.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Carr, Simon (2004) Blair takes the Mel Gibson approach to conflict in Iraq, The Independent, 4 March, p10.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Berkeley, Bill (2001) The graves are not yet full: race, tribe and power in the heart of Africa. Basic Books: New York, p263.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Drakulic, Slavenka (2004) They would never hurt a fly: war criminals on trial in the Hague. Viking Press.

    Google Scholar 

  14. BIICL (2001) Khmer Rouge — legislation to investigate and prosecute leaders. Bulletin of Legal Developments, 1, 15–22 January, p7 (British Institute of International and Comparative Law: London).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Robertson, G. (1999) Crimes against humanity. Allen Lane: London.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Somavia, Juan (1996) Civil society and the security council (Remarks to the NGO working group on the Security Council) — http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/somavia.htm

    Google Scholar 

  17. UN (1985) UN Declaration on … Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, Article A.11.

    Google Scholar 

  18. BBC (2002) US renounces world court treaty, BBC News Online, 6 May.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Annan, K. (1999) The question of intervention: statements by the Secretary General UN: New York, p31.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Black, Ian (2003) International criminal court comes to life. The Guardian, 11 March, p14.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Roth, Ken (2004) War in Iraq: not a humanitarian intervention, World Report 2004 — http://hrw.org/wr2k4/3.htm

    Google Scholar 

  22. Stephen, Chris (2004) Judgement day: the trial of Slobodan Milosevic. Atlantic: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  23. HRW (2001) Yugoslavia — link EU aid to co-operation with international tribunal. Human Rights Watch News, 7 February.

    Google Scholar 

  24. HRW (2001) Yugoslavia: link US aid to co-operation with tribunal. Human Rights Watch News, 1 May.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mydans, Seth (2004) Khmer Rouge leader offers an ignorance defense. International Herald Tribune, 5 January, p3.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Keane, Fergal (2001) Two arrests, one message to human rights abusers. The Independent (Review), 30 June, p3.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Coughlan, Sean (2003) Do human rights stand a chance post-9/11?. Times Higher Education Supplement, 29 August, pp18–19.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Oh, John Kie-Chiang (1999) Korean politics. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, p164.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Becker, Jasper (2005) ‘Down with Kim’: dissenters in North Korea find their voice. The Independent, 19 January, p27.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Robertson, G. (1999) Crimes against humanity: the struggle for global justice. Allen Lane: London, p248.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rubin, A.P (1997) Ethics and authority in international law. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p173.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  32. Robertson, G. (1999) Crimes against humanity: the struggle for global justice. Allen Lane: London, p248.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Barkun, M. (1968) Law without sanctions. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Barkun, M. (1968) Law without sanctions. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Braithwaite, J. (1994) Resolving crime in the community: restorative justice reforms in New Zealand and Australia, in K. van Eden, The way of Inkundla, Child & Youth Care, January 1997, p10.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Tutu, Desmond (2000) No future without forgiveness. Rider: London.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Wilson, R.A. (2001) The politics of truth and reconciliation in South Africa: legitimising the post-apartheid state. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  38. Campbell, Duncan (2001) Past masters, The Guardian, 20 June, p16.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Gray, Kevin (2001) Menem indicted over arms dealing, The Independent, 5 July, p15.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Popham, Peter (2004) A conspiracy of silence is broken, The Independent, 2 July, p28.

    Google Scholar 

  41. BBC (2004) Japan awards WWII damages, BBC News Online, 9 July.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Williams, C. & Lee, Y.-J. (2005) The minds of leaders: de-linking war from violence, in Brian Walker (ed.), Preparing for peace — by asking the experts to analyse war. Westmoreland General Meeting: Kendal.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Tzu, Sun (1981) The art of war. Hodder & Stoughton: London, p17.

    Google Scholar 

  44. HRW (2000) The Pinochet precedent: how victims can pursue human rights criminals abroad. Human Rights Watch: New York, pp9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Robertson, Geoffrey (1999) Crimes against humanity. Allen Lane: London, p371.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Steinhardt, R.G. & D’Amato, A. (eds) (1999) The Alien Tort Claims Act: an annalistical anthology. Transnational Publishers: New York, p3.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Castle, S. (2001) Nuns convicted of mass slaughter in Rwandan convent, The Independent, 9 June, p18.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Mead, M. (1940) Warfare is only an invention — not a biological necessity, Asia, 40(8), pp402–5.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Williams, C. & Lee, Y.-J. (2003) The minds of leaders: de-linking war and violence, Preparing for Peace — http://www.preparingforpeace.org/lectures.htm

    Google Scholar 

  50. Pinker, Steven (1997) How the mind works. Allen Lane: London, p511.

    Google Scholar 

  51. World Bank (1989) Sub-Saharan Africa: from crisis to sustainable growth. World Bank: Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Actionaid (1995) Multilateral and accountability, in The reality of aid. Earthscan: London, pp19–23.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Bardacke, T. (2000) Thai minister guilty on assets claim, Financial Times, 29 March, p12.

    Google Scholar 

  54. BBC (2000) Nigeria’s senate president impeached, BBC News Online, 8 August, http://www.news.bbc.co.uk

    Google Scholar 

  55. BBC (2000) Burma sacks forty corrupt officials, BBC News Online, 16 November.

    Google Scholar 

  56. BBC (2000) Azerbaijan corruption verdict: 16 officials jailed, BBC News Online, 21 November.

    Google Scholar 

  57. BBC (2000) Lebanese official jailed for corruption, BBC News Online, 21 December.

    Google Scholar 

  58. BBC (2000) Top Russian general charged with corruption, BBC News Online, 13 December.

    Google Scholar 

  59. BBC (1998) Imelda Marcos acquitted, BBC News Online, 6 October.

    Google Scholar 

  60. McKinnon, Ian (2000) Former Indian premier jailed for corruption, The Independent, 13 October, p18.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Popham, P. (2001) Revenue boss’s downfall exposes India’s corrupt customs, The Independent on Sunday, 15 April, p18.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Bedhi, R. (2001) India in turmoil over internet bribes sting, Daily Telegraph, 15 March, p20.

    Google Scholar 

  63. BBC (2004) Raking over S Korea’s colonial past, BBC News Online, 26 August.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Hutzier, C. (2000) Chinese execute deputy governor in sleaze scandal, The Independent, 9 March, p17.

    Google Scholar 

  65. BBC (2001) China steps up war on corruption, BBC News Online, 5 January.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Lloyd, John (2001) How the rich rule politics again, New Statesman, 26 March, p10.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Gittings, John (2000) China’s graft net scares little fishes, The Guardian, 23 August, p13.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ramonet, Ignacio (2001) Presidents under pressure, Le Monde diplomatique, August, leader.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Lichfield, John (2001) Has France become a banana republic?. The Independent, 26 January, p5.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Lichfield, John (2004) Judge who convicted Juppé complains of intimidation. The Independent, 2 February, p19.

    Google Scholar 

  71. BBC (2001) Dumas corruption trial to start, BBC News Online, 22 January, http://news.bbc.co.uk

    Google Scholar 

  72. BBC (2001) French corruption suspect seized, BBC News Online, 2 February.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lichfield, John (2001) French presidents condoned bribery, says ex-Elf boss. The Independent, 19 May, p16.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Pacitti, Domenico (2001) Running on a clean-up ticket. Times Higher Education Supplement, 11 May, pp 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Popham, Peter (2004) Berlusconi to face bribery charges as court withdraws his immunity. The Independent, 14 January, p27.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Lane, David (2004) Berlusconi’s shadow: crime, justice and the pursuit of power. Allen Lane: London.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Griffiths, Katherine (2004) Lies, cover-ups, fat cats and an oil giant in crisis, The Independent, 20 April, pp 1,4,5.

    Google Scholar 

  78. BBC (2002) Corporate bribery verdict in Lesotho, BBC News Online, 20 May.

    Google Scholar 

  79. O’Shaughnessy, Hugh (2004) Tax havens to face new UN code on corruption. The Independent on Sunday, 19 December, p3.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Cray, Charles (2000) U.S. undermines POPs Treaty, Rachel’s Environment & Health Weekly, 703, 13 July — http://www.rachel.org

    Google Scholar 

  81. BBC (2004) Global warming ‘biggest threat’, BBC News Online, 9 January.

    Google Scholar 

  82. BBC (2004) Shell boss ‘fears for the planet’, BBC News Online, 17 July.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Connor, S. (2005) Bush accused of ‘fiddling while world burns’ by ignoring climate change. The Independent, 7 March, pp4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Williams, C. (ed.) (1998) Environmental victims: new risks, new injustice. Earthscan: London.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Dinham, B. (1998) Introduction to the Charter of Rights Against Industrial Hazards: for communities, workers and the protection of the environment, in C. Williams (ed.). Environmental victims: new risks, new injustice. Earthscan: London, pp151, 181.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Williams, C. (1997) Terminus brain: the environmental threats to human intelligence. Cassell: London, p198.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Minamata Forum (1999) Minamata exhibition. Minamata Forum: Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  88. See Williams, Christopher (1998) Environmental victims: new risks, new injustice. Earthscan: London.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Sarangi, Satinath (1998) The movement in Bhopal and its lessons, in C. Williams (ed.). Environmental victims: new risks, new injustice. Earthscan: London.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Shah, Saeed (2004) US giant’s defence on Bhopal could be undermined by company papers. The Independent, 6 December, p23.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Shah, Saeed (2005) Dow ordered to appear in court to answer for deadly Bhopal gas leak. The Independent, 8 January, p52.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kahn, Joseph (2004) Gas producer blamed for deaths. International Herald Tribune, 5 January, p3.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Allison, R. (2000) Director guilty in landmark toxic waste dumping case. The Independent, 26 February, p5.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Carrell, Severin (2001) Porton Down scientists face prosecution. The Independent on Sunday, 8 July, p4.

    Google Scholar 

  95. And Carrell, Severin (2004) MoD to be sued over Porton Down tests. The Independent on Sunday, 2 May, p. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Arthur, Charles (2004) Revealed: UK’s worst polluting companies. The Independent, 27 July, p19.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Usborne, D. (2005) Mining executives ‘won’t pay with their lives for asbestos poisoning’. The Independent, 9 February, p23.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Stevenson, Rachel (2004) Big tobacco in the dock as America prepares for biggest ever lawsuit, The Independent, 13 August, p41.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Williams, C. (1997) Terminus brain: the environmental threats to human intelligence. Cassell: London, Chapter 11, ‘Law and regulation’, pp189–206.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Connor, S. (2005) The end for GM crops. The Independent, 22 March, p1.

    Google Scholar 

  101. HRW (2000) The Pinochet precedent: how victims can pursue human rights criminals abroad. Human Rights Watch: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  102. HRW (2000) Paraguay: Stroessner extradition effort hailed. Human Rights Watch News, 11 December.

    Google Scholar 

  103. HRW (2001) Mexican foreign minister’s decision to extradite Argentine torturer hailed. Human Rights Watch News, 5 February.

    Google Scholar 

  104. BBC (2001) Arrest warrant for war crimes suspect, BBC NewsOnline, 19 February.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Cormier, B. (2001) Argentinean ‘dirty war’ officers to face justice. The Independent, 7 March, p13.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Gumbel, Andrew (2004) Former president faces genocide charges. The Independent, 24 July, p32.

    Google Scholar 

  107. OECD (2000) Trust in government: ethics measures in OECD countries. OECD: Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  108. BBC (2000) Court removes bar to Gaddafi trial, BBC News Online, 20 October, http://www.bbc.co.uk.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Lichfield, J. (2000) Jacques’ house starts to crumble. The Independent on Sunday, 1 October, p23.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Henley, Jon (2001) French MPs move to impeach Chirac, The Guardian, 22 May, p10.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Lichfield, John (2001) Chirac kickbacks case may be sent to appeal court. The Independent, 19 July, p14.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Haphen, E. (2002) Nixon quit for less. International Herald Tribune, 15 January, pp1,2.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Popham, Peter (2004) Berlusconi to face bribery charges as court withdraws his immunity. The Independent, 14 January, p27.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Moore, Mike (1998) A brief history of the future: citizenship of the millennium. Shoal Bay Press: Christchurch, p76.

    Google Scholar 

  115. BBC (2000) Peru congress sacks Fujimori, BBC News Online, 22 November, http://news.bbc.co.uk

    Google Scholar 

  116. Parry, R.L. (2000) Fujimori turns Japanese to evade Peruvian justice. The Independent, 13 December, p13.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Traynor, Ian (2000) Vote gives Putin chance of life-long criminal immunity. The Guardian, 30 November, p17.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Williams, C. (1998) Environmental victims: new risk, new injustice. Earthscan: London, pp8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Carrel, Severin (2004) UK troops in Iraq face new court threat. The Independent on Sunday, 28 November, p2.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Robertson, Geoffrey (1999) Crimes against humanity: the struggle for global justice. Allen Lane: London, p261.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Sandford, G. (2000) Milosevic puts Nato leaders on trial, The Guardian, 19 September, p17.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Boyes, R. (2000) Nazi doctor ‘killed 772 children’. The Times, 21 March, p21.

    Google Scholar 

  123. HRW (2000) Chile: Pinochet to undergo questioning. Human Rights Watch News, 21 December.

    Google Scholar 

  124. BBC (2000) Iran arrests judges, BBC News Online, 31 December.

    Google Scholar 

  125. McGirk, Jan (2001) Elephant reveals size of Mexico’s problem with corrupt customs. The Independent on Sunday, 4 February, p20.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Keane, Fergal (2004) Africans are now taking responsibility for the failings of their own leadership. The Independent, 28 February, p43.

    Google Scholar 

  127. BBC (2002) Pope condemns US church sex abuse, BBC News Online, 23 April.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Cornwell, Rupert (2004) Church reveals 4,400 priests were accused of child sex abuse. The Independent, 28 February, p39.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Howden, D. (2005) Bribery scandal engulfs Greek church. The Independent, 4 February, p2.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Williams, C. (1995) Invisible victims: crime and abuse against people with learning difficulties. Jessica Kingsley Publishers: London.

    Google Scholar 

  131. O’Neill, Onora (2002) A question of trust, BBC Reith Lectures — http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2002/lecturel_text.shtml

    Google Scholar 

  132. Kuper, J. (2005) We have finally begun to care about child soldiers. The Independent, 29 March, p31.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Shaw, M. (1997) International law. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p782.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Williams, C. (1996) Environmental victimisation and violence. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 1(3), pp191–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for International Education and Research (CIER), University of Birmingham, UK

    Christopher Williams

Authors
  1. Christopher Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2006 Christopher Williams

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Williams, C. (2006). An Era of Accountability. In: Leadership Accountability in a Globalizing World. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230596825_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation