Abstract
Mines, torpedoes and submarines were in the possession of the navies of the great powers before the end of the 19th century. Mines and torpedoes proved their value in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–5. But weapons that threatened the existence of the battleship were regarded with suspicion by conventional naval officers, especially the submarine which, in the words of a British naval officer, was regarded as a weapon ‘unfair, underhand, and damned unEnglish’.1 Yet it was the German Navy’s submarine arm of little more than one hundred boats that nearly brought about Britain’s collapse in April 1917 by sinking almost a million tons of shipping in that month alone. The belated introduction of the convoy system ensured the safety of Britain’s lines of communication for the remainder of the war. But weapons for the detection and destruction of the submarine were much more difficult to implement.
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Notes
Willem Hackmann, Seek and Strike. Sonar, Anti-Submarine Warfare and the Royal Navy 1914–54, HMSO, 1984, p. 7.
Gerald Pawle, The Secret War 1939–1945, London, 1956, p. 31.
J. D. Scott and Richard Hughes, The Administration of War Production, London, 1956, p. 132.
Sir Bernard Lovell, P. M. S. Blackett. A Biographical Memoir, The Royal Society, London, 1976, p. 56.
C. H. Waddington, OR in World War 2: Operational Research against the U-boat, Elek Science, London, 1973, ch. 7, ‘The Principles of Depth Charge Attacks’; ADM 213/93, The explosive efficiency of ’lean torpex’, September 1946.
G. R. Lindsey, Tactical Anti-Submarine Warfare: The past and the future, Adelphi Papers no. 122, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 1976.
C. F. Goodeve, ‘The Defeat of the Magnetic Mine’, MI. Roy. Soc. of Arts, vol. XCIV, January 1946, p. 81.
Stephen Roskill, The War at Sea, vol. 3, pt 2, HMSO, London, 1961, p. 140.
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© 2000 Guy Hartcup
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Hartcup, G. (2000). Acoustic and Underwater Warfare. In: The Effect of Science on the Second World War. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230596177_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230596177_4
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