Abstract
We are sometimes told, by those who believe that their prime scholarly task is to study ‘history from below’, that it is a mistake to concern ourselves with kings and queens, courts and coronations, art-patrons and palace-builders, flummery and mummery, because the whole glittering yet tawdry subject is at best elitist, and at worst boring. But throughout most of the human past, peoples, tribes, nations and empires have organized themselves, or have been forcibly organized, on the basis of royal rule, sovereign authority and hereditary succession.2 Moreover, most monarchies have been generically male, and most monarchs have fulfilled a remarkable and powerful range of generically masculine roles, as god, priest, lawgiver, judge, warrior, philosopher, patron and benefactor, which have significantly influenced the societies over which they have presided.3 If, then, we are to come to any settled understanding of the ancient, medieval and early modern history of Europe, to say nothing of the longer-term history of the majority of the globe beyond, we should recognize the importance of monarchy, and we need to study it – not as a wearying and meaningless succession of names and dates and roman numerals, but with all the varied insights and diverse approaches that have been developed by historians, and by those working in neighbouring disciplines, during the last half century.
This chapter began life as my inaugural lecture as Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Professor of British History, which I delivered in the Beveridge Hall of the University of London Senate House on 12 January 2004. I am grateful to Charlotte Alston for essential research assistance, and to my former undergraduate students at the University of Cambridge and Columbia University, New York, with whom I discussed many of the thoughts and ideas that appear in these pages during the 1980s and 1990s. An abridged version of this lecture appeared in the Times Literary Supplement, 23 January 2004, pp. 11–13, which gave rise to a lively subsequent correspondence (TLS, 6 February 2004, p. 15; 27 February 2004, p. 17). I also record subsequent and special thanks to Walter Arnstein and Derek Beales.
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Notes
S. Schama, ‘Television and the Trouble with History’, in D. Cannadine (ed.), History and the Media (Basingstoke, 2004), pp. 26–7.
M. Bloch, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France (London, 1973)
E.H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Thought (Princeton, 1957)
H. Nicolson, Monarchy (London, 1962)
D. Cannadine and S. Price (eds), Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (Cambridge, 1987)
G. Dagron, Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium (Cambridge, 2003).
A.W. Lewis, Royal Succession in Capetian France: Studies on Familial Order and the State (London, 1981).
J.C. Bromley, The Shakespearean Kings (Boulder, 1972)
C. Jordan, Shakespeare’s Monarchies: Ruler and Subject in the Romances (London, 1997)
P. Saccio, Shakespeare’s English Kings: History, Chronicle and Drama (1st edn, Oxford, 1977; 2000)
G. Wilson Knight, The Sovereign Flower: on Shakespeare as the Poet of Royalism (London, 2002).
M. van Gelderen and Q. Skinner (ed.), Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage (2 vols, Cambridge, 2003).
I tried to attempt something of this sort in D. Cannadine, ‘The Last Hanoverian Sovereign? The Victorian monarchy in historical perspective, 1688–1988’, in A.L. Beier, D. Cannadine and J.M. Rosenheim (eds), The First Modern Society: Essays in English History in Honour of Lawrence Stone (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 127–66. There are very few studies of the English/British monarchy which take a long view, among them J.H. Plumb and H. Weldon, Royal Heritage: The Story of Britain’s Royal Builders and Collectors (London, 1977)
J.A. Cannon and R.A. Griffiths, The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy (Oxford, 1988)
D. Starkey, The Monarchy of England (1 vol. so far, London, 2004–), vol. i, The Beginnings. See also H. Hackett, ‘Dreams or Designs, Cults or Constructions? The study of images of monarchs’, Historical Journal, xliv (2001), pp. 811–24.
A.C. Benson and Viscount Esher (eds), Letters of Queen Victoria, 1837–61 (3 vols, London, 1908)
G.E. Buckle (ed.), Letters of Queen Victoria, 1862–85 (3 vols, London, 1926–28)
idem, Letters of Queen Victoria, 1886–1901 (3 vols, London, 1930–32). For an outstanding study of the publication of the first series of the Queen’s letters and journals,see: Y.M. Ward, ‘Editing Queen Victoria: How Men of Letters Constructed the Young Queen’ (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, La Trobe University, 2005). For details of subsequent additional publications of the Queen’s correspondence
see W.L. Arnstein, Queen Victoria (London, 2003), pp. 234–5.
Sir T. Martin, The Life of H.R.H. The Prince Consort (5 vols, London, 1875–80).
N. Nicolson (ed.), Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1945–62 (London, 1968), pp. 142–5, 184
J. Lees-Milne, Harold Nicolson: A Biography, ii: 1930–68 (London, 1981), pp. 223, 238.
Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, pp. 174–6; Lees-Milne, Harold Nicolson, p. 268; J.W. Wheeler-Bennett, Friends, Enemies and Sovereigns (London, 1976), pp. 132–69, esp. p. 168.
See also P. Quennell (ed.), A Lonely Business: A Self-Portrait of James Pope-Hennessy (London, 1981), pp. 207–70.
P. Ziegler, Mountbatten: The Official Biography (London, 1985)
P. Ziegler, King Edward VIII: The Official Biography (London, 1990).
See also J. Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of her Own (London, 1991)
D. Cannadine, The Pleasures of the Past (London, 1989), pp. 58–67
D. Cannadine, History in our Time (London, 1998), pp. 48–58.
E. Longford, Victoria R.I. (London, 1964)
P. Magnus, King Edward the Seventh (London, 1964)
G. Battiscombe, Queen Alexandra (London, 1969)
F. Donaldson, Edward VIII (London, 1974)
K. Rose, King George V (London, 1983)
S. Bradford, King George VI (London, 1989). See also Cannadine, Pleasures of the Past, pp. 32–43;S. BradfordHistory in our Time, pp. 59–67. Oddly enough, there is no satisfactory modern life of Albert (idem, Pleasures of the Past, pp. 12–21).
S. Bradford, Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen (London, 1996)
B. Pimlott, The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II (London, 1996).
For a French perspective, see M. Roche, Elizabeth II: La dernière reine (Paris, 2007).
See also J. Dimbleby, The Prince of Wales: A Biography (London, 1994); Cannadine, History in our Time, pp. 68–85.
I have confined myself here to royal biographies of monarchs and their consorts, but there are also lives of royal children, among which the following may be especially recommended: N. Frankland, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (London, 1980)
H. Pakula, An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick Daughter of Queen Victoria, Wife of the Crown Prince of Prussia, Mother of Kaiser Wilhelm (New York, 1995)
J. Wake, Princess Louise: Queen Victoria’s Unconventional Daughter (London, 1988).
The pros and cons of biography are discussed in P.K. O’Brien and others, ‘Is Political Biography a Good Thing?’, Contemporary British History, x (1996), pp. 60–86
B. Pimlott, ‘Once upon a lifetime’, Times Higher Education Supplement, 6 November 1998, p. 24. For the growing interest of historians in the modern monarchy
see H. Richards, ‘A right royal restoration’, THES, 6 January 1995, p. 17.
F.M.L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1963).
E.J. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983)
R. Samuel (ed.), Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity (3 vols, London, 1989)
R. Porter (ed.), Myths of the English (Oxford, 1992).
W.L. Arnstein, ‘Queen Victoria’s Speeches from the Throne: A New Look’, in A. O’Day (ed.), Government and Institutions in the Post-1832 United Kingdom (Lewiston, NY, 1995), pp. 127–53
V. Bogdanor, The Monarchy and the Constitution (Oxford, 1995)
D. Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (London, 2002), ch. 3; idem, History in our Time, pp. 19–24
P. Hennessy, ‘Searching for the “Great Ghost”: The palace, the premiership, the Cabinet and the constitution in the post-war period’, Journal Contemporary History, xxx (1995), pp. 211–31.
F. Prochaska, Royal Bounty: The Making of a Welfare Monarchy (London, 1995); Cannadine, History in our Time, pp. 25–32.
C. Carlton, Royal Warriors: A Military History of the British Monarchy (London, 2003)
W.L. Arnstein, ‘The Warrior Queen: Reflections on Victoria and Her World’, Albion, xxx (1998), pp. 1–28
K.W. Farrell, ‘The Monarchy and the Military: The case and career of the Duke of Cambridge in an age of reform’ (unpublished Columbia University Ph.D. thesis, 1999)
N. Frankland, Witness of a Century: The Life and Times of Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught, 1850–1942 (London, 1993).
D.W.R. Bahlman, ‘The Queen, Mr. Gladstone and Church Patronage’, Victorian Studies, iii (1960), pp. 349–80
W.L. Arnstein, ‘Queen Victoria and Religion’, in G. Malmgreen (ed.), Religion in the Lives of English Women, 1760–1930 (London, 1986), pp. 88–128
P. Hinchliff, ‘Frederick Temple, Randall Davidson and the Coronation of Edward VII’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, xlviii (1997), pp. 71–99
G.I.T. Machin, ‘Marriage and the Churches in the 1930s: Royal abdication and divorce reform, 1936–7’, Jour. Eccles. Hist., xlii (1991), pp. 68–81.
P. Hall, Royal Fortune: Tax, Money and the Monarchy (London, 1992)
W.M. Kuhn, ‘Queen Victoria’s Civil List: What did she do with it?’, Historical Journal, xxxvi (1993), pp. 642–65; Cannadine, History in our Time, pp. 11–18.
H. Hobhouse, Prince Albert: His Life and Work (London, 1983)
S. Bayley, The Albert Memorial: The Monument in its Social and Architectural Context (London, 1981)
C. Brooks (ed.), The Albert Memorial (London, 2000).
For a pioneering study, see P. Mansel, Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II (London, 2005).
For eighteenth-century studies of the royal court, to which there are no (much-needed) successors, see R.O. Bucholz, The Augustan Court: Queen Anne and the Decline of Court Culture (Stanford, 1993)
J.M. Beattie, The English Court in the Reign of George I (Cambridge, 1967)
H. Smith, ‘The Court in England, 1714–1760: A Declining Political Institution?’, History, xc (2005), pp. 23–41; idem, Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714–1760 (Cambridge, 2006).
K. Rose, Kings, Queens and Courtiers (London, 1985)
K. Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1998)
J. Cannon, The Modern British Monarchy: A Study in Adaptation (Reading, 1987), pp. 15–19
W.M. Kuhn, Henry and Mary Ponsonby: Life at the Court of Queen Victoria (London, 2002).
J. Lant, Insubstantial Pageant: Ceremony and Confusion at Queen Victoria’s Court (London, 1979)
D. Cannadine, ‘The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the “Invention of Tradition”, c.1820–1977’, in Hobsbawm and Ranger, The Invention of Tradition, pp. 101–64
W.L. Arnstein, ‘Queen Victoria Opens Parliament: The Dis-invention of Tradition’, Historical Research,lxiii (1990), pp. 178–94
W.M. Kuhn, Democratic Royalism: The Transformation of the British Monarchy, 1861–1914 (Basingstoke, 1996)
J. Wolffe, Great Deaths: Grieving, Religion and Nationhood in Victorian and Edwardian Britain (Oxford, 2000), esp. chs 7–9
K. Tetens, ‘A Grand International Durbar: Henry Irving and the Coronation of Edward VIII’,Journal of Victorian Culture., viii (2003), pp. 257–91.
P. Gordon and D. Lawton, Royal Education: Past, Present and Future (London, 1999).
S. Schama, ‘The Domestication of Majesty: Royal Family Portraiture, 1500–1850’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xvii (1986), pp. 155–83.
D. Thompson, Queen Victoria: Gender and Power (London, 1990)
L. Vallone, Becoming Victoria (London, 2001); Cannadine, History in our Time, pp. 39–47
V. McKendry, ‘The Illustrated London News and the Invention of Tradition’, Victorian Periodicals Review, xxvii (1994), pp. 1–24
N. Armstrong, ‘Monarchy in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, Nineteenth-Century Contexts, xxii (2001), pp. 495–536.
C. Campbell Orr (ed.), Queenship in Britain, 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture and Dynastic Politics (Manchester, 2002)
A. Munich, Queen Victoria’s Secrets (New York, 1996)
M. Homans and A. Munich (eds), Remaking Queen Victoria (Cambridge, 1997)
M. Homans, Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837–76 (London, 1998)
B. Campbell, Diana, Princess of Wales: How Sexual Politics Shook the Monarchy (London, 1998)
J. Burchill, Diana (London, 1998)
T. Brown, The Diana Chronicles (London, 2007)
Y.M. Ward, ‘Queen Victoria and Dona Maria II da Gloria of Portugal: Marriage, motherhood and sovereignty in the lives of the young queens regnant (1828–53)’, Lilith: A Feminist History Journal, xi (2002), pp. 117–30.
A.J. Olechnowicz (ed.), The Monarchy and the British Nation, 1780 to the Present (Cambridge, 2007) sheds much light on this matter.
For a suggestive continental comparison, see L. Cole and D. Unowsky (eds), The Limits of Loyalty: Imperial Symbolism, Popular Allegiances, and State Patriotism in the Late Habsburg Monarchy (Oxford, 2007).
The increased commercialization, commodification and commemoration of the monarchy is also of great importance in this context: see E. Darby and N. Smith, The Cult of the Prince Consort (London,1983)
J. May, Victoria Remembered: A Royal History, 1817–61, Entirely Illustrated with Commemoratives (London, 1983)
T. Richards, The Commodity Culture of Victorian England: Advertising and Spectacle, 1851–1914 (Stanford, 1990), esp. ch. 2
E. Allen, ‘Culinary Exhibition: Victorian Wedding Cakes and Royal Spectacle’, Victorian Studies, xlv (2003), pp. 457–84.
J.M. Golby and A.W. Perdue, The Monarchy and the British People, 1760 to the Present (London, 1988)
R. Williams, The Contentious Crown: Public Discussion of the British Monarchy in the Reign of Queen Victoria (Aldershot, 1997)
J. Plunkett, Queen Victoria: First Media Monarch (Oxford, 2003)
F. Dimond and R. Taylor, Crown and Camera: The Royal Family and Photography, 1842–1910 (London, 1987)
R. Strong, Cecil Beaton: The Royal Portraits (London, 1988)
R. Brunt, ‘The Family Firm Restored: Newsreel Coverage of the British Monarchy, 1936–45’, in C. Gledhill and G. Swanson (eds), Nationalising Femininity: Culture, Sexuality and British Cinema in the Second World War Manchester, 1996), pp. 140–51
R. Brown, ‘“It is a very wonderful process…”: Film and British royalty, 1896–1902’, The Court Historian, viii (2003), pp. 1–22
L. McKernan, ‘“The finest cinema performers that we possess”: British royalty and the newsreels, 1910–37’, The Court Historian, viii (2003), pp. 59–71.
The modern monarchy in the English provinces is a much neglected subject, but see E. Hammerton and D. Cannadine, ‘Conflict and Consensus on a Ceremonial Occasion: The Diamond Jubilee in Cambridge in 1897’, Historical Journal, xxiv (1981), pp. 111–46
and C. Gill and A. Briggs, History of Birmingham (2 vols, London, 1952), ii, app. E, pp. 336–8. The research project on ‘Monarchy, Nation and Region: The Case of the North-East since 1837’, directed by Dr. A.J. Olechnowicz of the University of Durham, is a pioneering in-depth local study, whose findings are eagerly awaited.
P.J. Galloway, The Order of the British Empire (London, 1996); idem, The Order of St. Michael and St. George (London, 2000)
D. Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire (London, 2001), ch. 7.
J. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain: Religion and National Life in Britain and Ireland, 1843–1945 (London, 1994), esp. ch. 6
N. Smith, The Royal Image and the English People (Aldershot, 2001)
A. Rowbottom, ‘Subject Positions and “Real Royalists”: Monarchy and Vernacular Civil Religion in Great Britain’, in N. Rapport (ed.), British Subjects: An Anthropology of Britain (Oxford, 2002), pp. 31–47
J. Baxendale, ‘Royalty, Romance and Recreation: The Construction of the Past and the Origins of Royal Tourism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’, Cultural and Social History, iv (2007), pp. 317–39.
J.E. Davies, ‘Victoria and Victorian Wales’, in G.H. Jenkins and J.B. Smith (eds), Politics and Society in Wales, 1840–1922: Essays in Honour of Ieuan Gwynedd Jones (Cardiff, 1988), pp. 7–28
J.S. Ellis, ‘The Prince and the Dragon: Welsh national identity and the 1911 investiture of the Prince of Wales’, Welsh History Review, xviii (1996), pp. 272–94
J.S. Ellis, ‘Reconciling the Celt: British national identity, empire and the 1911 investiture of the Prince of Wales’, Journal of British Studies, xxxvii (1998), pp. 391–418
R. Lacey, ‘Made for the Media: The 20th century investitures of the Princes of Wales’, The Court Historian, viii (2003), pp. 31–40.
H.R. Trevor-Roper, ‘The Invention of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of Scotland’, in Hobsbawm and Ranger, The Invention of Tradition, pp. 15–41
C.A. Whatley, ‘“Royal Day, People’s Day”: The Monarch’s Birthday in Scotland, c.1660–1860’, in R. Mason and N. Macdougall (eds), People and Power in Scotland: Essays in Honour of T.C. Smout (Edinburgh, 1992), pp. 170–88
idem, ‘“The Privilege which the Rabble have to be Riotous”: Carnivalesque and the Monarch’s Birthday in Scotland, c.1700–1860’, in I. Blanchard (ed.), Labour and Leisure in Historical Perspective (Stuttgart, 1994), pp. 89–100
A. Tyrrell, ‘The Queen’s Little Trip: The Royal Visit to Scotland in 1842’, Scottish Historical Review, lxxxii (2003), pp. 47–73.
W.L. Arnstein, ‘Queen Victoria’s Other Island’, in W.R. Louis (ed.), More Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain (1998), pp. 45–66
S. Paseta, ‘Nationalist Responses to Two Royal Visits to Ireland, 1900 and 1903’, Irish Historical Studies, xxxi (1999), pp. 488–504
J.H. Murphey, Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria (Cork, 2001)
Y. Wheelan, ‘Performing Power, Demonstrating Resistance: Interpreting Queen Victoria’s Visit to Dublin in 1900’, in L.J. Proudfoot and M.M. Roche (eds), (Dis)placing Empire: Renegotiating British Colonial Geographies (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 99–116
J. Loughlin, ‘Allegiance and Illusion: Queen Victoria’s Irish Visit of 1849’, History, lxxxvii (2002), pp. 491–513
J. Loughlin, The British Monarchy and Ireland: From 1800 to the Present (Cambridge, 2008).
N. Harding, Hanover and the British Empire, 1700–1837 (Woodbridge, 2007).
J. Paulmann, ‘“Dearest Nicky…”: Monarchical relations between Prussia, the German emperor and Russia during the 19th century’, in R. Bartlett and K. Schönwälder (eds), The German Lands and Eastern Europe: Essays on the History of their Social, Cultural and Political Relations (London, 1999), pp. 166–72
J. Paulmann, ‘Searching for a “Royal International”: The mechanics of monarchical relations in 19th-century Europe’, in M.H. Geyer and J. Paulmann (eds), The Mechanics of Internationalism: Culture, Society and Politics from the 1840s to the First World War (Oxford, 2001), pp. 145–76.
D. Mack Smith, Italy and its Monarchy (London, 1989)
A.W. Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph (New York, 1995)
R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy (2 vols, Princeton, 1995–2000)
D. Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of all the Russias (London, 1993)
M.C. Hall, ‘Alfonso XIII and the Failure of Liberal Monarchy in Spain, 1902–23’ (unpublished Columbia University Ph.D. dissertation, 2003)
J.C.G. Rohl and N. Sombart (eds), Kaiser Wilhelm II: New Interpretations (Cambridge,1982)
I.V. Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918 (Cambridge, 1982)
L. Cecil, Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900 (London, 1989)
L. Cecil, Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–41 (London, 1996)
J.C.G. Rohl, The Kaiser and his Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany (Cambridge, 1994)
J.C.G. Rohl, Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser’s Early Life, 1859–88 (Cambridge, 1998)
J.C.G. Rohl, Wilhelm II: The Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900 (Cambridge, 2004). It is also worth comparing developments in the British monarchy with those beyond Europe: T. Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan (Berkeley, 1996)
M. Peleggi, Lords of Things: The Fashioning of the Siamese Monarchy’s Modern Image (Honolulu, 2002).
D. Cannadine, ‘Kaiser Wilhelm II and the British Monarchy’, in T.C.W. Blanning and D. Cannadine (eds), History and Biography: Essays in Honour of Derek Beales (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 188–202
R.R. McLean, ‘Kaiser Wilhelm II and the British Royal Family: Anglo-German dynastic relations in political context, 1890–1914’, History, lxxxvi (2001), pp. 478–502
R.R. McLean, Royalty and Diplomacy in Europe, 1890–1914 (Cambridge, 2001)
A. Green, Fatherlands: Building and Nationhood in 19th-Century Germany (Cambridge, 2001), ch. 2.
J.A. Cannon, ‘The survival of the British Monarchy’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., xxxvi (1986), pp. 143–64.
D. Bell, ‘The Idea of a Patriot Queen: The Monarchy, the Constitution and the Iconographic Order of Greater Britain, 1860–1900’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, xxxiv (2006), pp. 3–21
K. Jeffery, ‘Crown, Communication and the Colonial Post: Stamps, the Monarchy and the British Empire’, ibid., pp. 45–70 P. Murphy, ‘Breaking the Bad News: Plans for the Announcement to the Empire of the Death of Elizabeth II and the Proclamation of Her Successor’, ibid., pp. 139–54
P. Murphy, ‘The African Queen? Republicanism and Defensive Decolonization in British Tropical Africa, 1958–64’, Twentieth Century British History, xiv (2003), pp. 243–63. For the British monarchy as an imperial monarchy in the 13 colonies before the American revolution of 1776
see B. McConville, The King’s Three Faces: The Rise and Fall of Royal America, 1688–1776 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2006).
Cannadine, Ornamentalism, ch. 8; C. Newbury, Patrons, Clients and Empire: Chieftancy and Over-Rule in Asia, Africa and the Pacific (Oxford, 2003)
J. Lonsdale, ‘Ornamental Constitutionalism in Africa: Kenyatta and the Two Queens’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, xxxiv (2006), pp. 87–104; J. Willis, ‘A Portrait for the Mukama: Monarchy and Empire in Colonial Bunyoro, Uganda’, ibid., pp. 105–22; S.C. Smith, ‘Moving a Little with the Tide: Malay Monarchy and the Development of Modern Malay Nationalism’, ibid., pp. 123–38.
The literature on the subject of royal overseas tours is now growing rapidly. For Canada: I. Radforth, Royal Spectacle: The 1860 Visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada and the United States (Toronto, 2004)
P. Buckner, ‘Casting Daylight upon Magic: Deconstructing the Royal Tour of 1901 to Canada’, in C. Bridge and K. Fedorowich (eds), The British World: Diaspora, Culture and Identity (London, 2003), pp. 158–89
S.J. Potter, ‘The BBC, the CBC, and the 1939 Royal Tour of Canada’, Cultural and Social History, iii (2006), pp. 424–44
P. Buckner, ‘The Last Great Royal Tour: Queen Elizabeth’s 1959 Tour to Canada’, in idem (ed.), Canada and the End of Empire (Vancouver, 2005), pp. 66–93.
For Australia: K. Fewster, ‘Politics, Pageantry and Purpose: The 1920 Tour of Australia by the Prince of Wales’, Labour History, xxxviii (1980), pp. 59–66
D. Adair, ‘“On Parade”: Spectacles, Crowds, and Collective Loyalties in Australia, 1901–38’ (unpublished Flinders University Ph.D. dissertation, 1994)
J. Connors, ‘The 1954 Royal Tour of Australia’, Australian Historical Studies, xxv (1993), pp. 371–82.
For New Zealand: L. Cleveland, ‘Royalty as Symbolic Drama: The 1970 New Zealand Tour’, Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, xi (1973), pp. 28–45
J. Bassett, ‘“A Thousand Miles of Loyalty”: The Royal Tour of 1901’, New Zealand Journal of History, xxi (1987), pp. 125–38.
For South Africa: P. Buckner, ‘The Royal Tour of 1901 and the Construction of an Imperial Identity in South Africa’, South African Historical Journal, xli (1999), pp. 127–46, 326–48.
For India: J. Woods, ‘Edward, Prince of Wales’s Tour of India, October 1921– March 1922’, The Court Historian, v (2000), pp. 217–21
C. Kaul, ‘Monarchical Display and the Politics of Empire: Princes of Wales and India, 1870–1920s’, Twentieth Century British History, xvii (2006), pp. 464–88.
For elsewhere: A. Clarkson, ‘Pomp, Circumstance and Wild Arabs: The 1912 Royal Visit to Sudan’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, xxxiv (2006), pp. 71–86
K. Dodds, D. Lambert and B. Robison, ‘Loyalty and Royalty: Gibraltar, the 1953–54 Royal Tour and the Geopolitics of the Iberian Peninsula’, Twentieth-Century British History, xviii (2007), pp. 365–90.
P. Spearitt, ‘Royal Progress: The Queen and her Australian Subjects’, in S.L. Goldberg and F.B. Smith (eds), Australian Cultural History (Canberra, 1988), pp. 138–57
A. Taylor and L. Trainor, ‘Monarchism and Anti-Monarchism: Anglo-Australian comparisons, c.1870–1901’, Social History, xxiv (1999), pp. 158–73
K. Munro, ‘Canada as Reflected in her Participation in the Coronation of her Monarchs in the 20th Century’, Journal of Historical Sociology, xiv (2001), pp. 21–46
W.A. Henry, ‘Imagining the Great White Mother and the Great King: Aboriginal Tradition and Royal Representation at the “Great Pow-wow” of 1901’, Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, new ser., ix (2000), pp. 87–108; idem, ‘Royal Representation, Ceremony, and Cultural Identity in the Building of the Canadian Nation, 1860–1912’ (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, 2001)
A. Clarke, ‘With One Accord Rejoice on this Glad Day: Celebrating the Monarchy in Nineteenth-Century Otago’, New Zealand Journal of History, xxxvi (2002), pp. 137–60
S. Constantine, ‘Monarchy and Constructing Identity in “British” Gibraltar, c1800 to the Present’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, xxxiv (2006), pp. 23–44.
For a non-imperial transoceanic perspective on the British monarchy, see W.L. Arnstein, ‘Queen Victoria and the United States’, in F.M. Leventhal and R. Quinault (eds), Anglo-American Attitudes: From Revolution to Partnership (Aldershot, 2000), pp. 91–106.
B. Cohn, ‘Representing Authority in Victorian India’, in Hobsbawm and Ranger, Invention of Tradition, pp. 165–210
T.O. Ranger, ‘Making Northern Rhodesia Imperial: Variations on a Royal Theme’, African Affairs, lxxix (1980), pp. 349–73; T.O. Ranger, ‘The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa’, in Hobsbawm and Ranger, Invention of Tradition, pp. 211–62.
Bridge and Fedorowich, The British World; P. Buckner and R. Douglas Francis (eds), Rediscovering the British World (Calgary, 2005); idem (eds), Canada and the British World: Culture, Migration and Identity (Vancouver, 2006)
S.J. Potter, News and the British World: The Emergence of an Imperial Press System, 1876–1922 (Oxford, 2003). See also below, Chapter 8, pp. 205–8.
For other biographies of currently-reigning monarchs, see P. Preston, Juan Carlos: A People’s King (London, 2004)
P.M. Handley, The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand’s Bhumibol Adulyadej (London, 2006).
For an outstanding biography of a recently-deceased sovereign, see A. Shalim, Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace (London, 2007)
N.J. Grossman, ‘Republicanism in 19th-century England’, International Review of Social History, vii (1962), pp. 47–60
F. D’Arcy, ‘Charles Bradlaugh and the English Republican Movement, 1868–78’, Historical Journal, xxv (1982), pp. 367–83
A. Taylor, ‘Down With the Crown’: British Anti-Monarchism and Debates about Royalty since 1790 (London, 1999)
F. Prochaska, The Republic of Britain, 1760–2000 (London, 2000)
D. Nash and A. Taylor (eds), Republicanism in Victorian Society (Stroud, 2000)
A. Taylor, ‘“Pig-sticking Princes”: Royal hunting, moral outrage, and the republican opposition to animal abuse in 19th- and early 20th-century Britain’, History, lxxxix (2004), pp. 30–48
D.M. Craig, ‘The Crowned Republic? Monarchy and Anti-Monarchy in Britain, 1760–1901’, Historical Journal, xlvi (2003), pp. 167–85.
This generalization cannot, however, be pushed too far, since the Japanese monarchy survived devastating military defeat in the Second World War, even as other European thrones did not: see H.P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York, 2000); K.J. Ruoff, The People’s Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy, 1945–95 (Cambridge, Mass., 2001).
W.G. Runciman, A Treatise on Social Theory, i: The Methodology of Social Theory (Cambridge, 1983), p. 312.
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© 2008 David Cannadine
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Cannadine, D. (2008). Monarchy: Crowns and Contexts, Thrones and Dominations. In: Making History Now and Then. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230594265_3
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