Abstract
There is plenty of evidence to indicate that the Left Party in government has developed into a reliable, ideologically pragmatic and eminently ‘normal’ political party. This, of itself, should not be altogether surprising. But what of the Left Party’s branches elsewhere? Is there evidence that the other eastern German Landesverbände are watching, learning and emulating the pioneers in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Berlin?1 Are they perhaps, on the contrary, scowling and scolding from a distance, becoming ever more resolute in their wish not to lose that radical touch and become part of the political establishment? Or are Land political arenas small, more or less independent, worlds that force Left Party politicians to forge their own individual paths, no matter whether they are keen to do so or not? Put another way, although Left Party branches in other parts of the country are not compelled to do so, can we see evidence of ‘Green-like processes’ elsewhere even though the branches have not (yet) been in government? This chapter tracks the behaviour, in terms of both programmatic development and political strategy, of the Left Party in two states where it is, and always has been, a party of opposition.2 Most of the analysis stems from detailed case studies of Saxony and Brandenburg.
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7 The Left Party in Opposition
We concentrate exclusively on the eastern party branches for the simple reason that the western branches are (much) smaller in terms of both members and of influence within the party and, of course, they are all a long way from entering western Landtage, let alone western Land governments. For analysis of the Left Party’s position in western Germany see Viola Neu, Am Ende der Hoffnung: Die PDS im Westen ( Bonn: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 2000 )
Jonathan Olsen, ‘The PDS in Western Germany: An Empirical Study of Local PDS Politicians’, German Politics, 11 (1), April 2002: 147–172
Joanna McKay, ‘The PDS Tests the West: The Party of Democratic Socialism’s Campaign to become a Pan-German Socialist Party’, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 20 (2), June 2004: 50–72
Meinhard Meuche-Mäker, Die PDS im Westen 1990–2005: Schlussfolgerungen für eine neue Linke ( Berlin: Dietz, 2005 )
Florian Weis, ‘Die PDS in den westlichen Bundesländern: Anmerkungen zu keiner Erfolgsgeschichte’, Utopie kreativ, 173, March 2005: 257–265; Michael Koß, 2007.
Although the Left Party in Saxony-Anhalt has not, strictly speaking, been in government it acted as a support party to, firstly, an SPD-Green administration and then an SPD minority government for eight years between 1994 and 2002. For reasons of clarity and consistency we therefore leave the Saxony-Anhalt case to one side for now. For more on the role and function of support parties see Tim Bale and Torbjörn Bergman, ‘A Taste of Honey is Worse Than None at All? Coping with the Generic Challenges of Support Party Status in Sweden and New Zealand’, Party Politics, 12 (2), 2006: 189–209.
Gero Neugebauer, ‘Die PDS in Brandenburg–wohin des Wegs?’, Perspektive, 21 (13), 2001: 55–57.
Michael Mara, ‘Die PDS sucht ihr Oppositionsprofil’, Tagesspiegel, 21 March 2000.
Lothar Bisky and Komelia Wehlan, ‘Brandenburger Weg ist endgültig zu Ende’, Pressedienst, 45, 1999. Available on http://www.sozialisten.de/politik/publikationen/pressedienst/view_html/n22/bs7/zid7840 (viewed on 11 December 2006).
Anita Tack’s election to party leader caused considerable disquiet within the central office of the Left Party in Brandenburg that eventually led to a complete breakdown of relations between Tack and Left Party activists working there. When - following a series of decidedly bizarre events - a fax appeared in the Parteizentrale that had a falsified Tack signature on it, the usually relaxed and easy-going Lothar Bisky talked of left-wing bandits’ within the Brandenburg Left Party. For more on some of Tack’s rather unique problems see Gudrun Maliwitz, ‘Politbüro Tack’, Berliner Morgenpost, 5 December 1999.
Michael Mara, ‘Die PDS sucht ihr Oppositionsprofil’, Tagesspiegel, 21 March 2000.
See Gudrun Mallwitz, ‘PDS will aufs Regieren vorbereitet sein’, Berliner Morgenpost, 9 March 2002, p. 27. Matthias Platzeck’s rise to the top of the Brandenburg SPD to replace long-time leader Manfred Stolpe was also likely to have had a considerable impact on the course that the Left Party chose to take. Stolpe had always rejected co-operation with the Left Party, largely as he feared accusations about his own links to the Stasi would be aired again, while Platzeck was seen as being much more open to such ideas. ‘Die PDS und die Koalitionsfrage’, Tagesspiegel, 10 August 1999; Stefan Berg, ‘Mann aus dem Kreml’, Der Spiegel, 23 August 2004, p. 30. Even Ralf Christoffers had previously rejected notions of co-operating with an SPD led by Manfred Stolpe
Ralf Christoffers, ‘Brandenburg: Politikfähigkeit der Großen Koalition in Frage zu stellen’, Pressemitteilung der brandenburgischen PDS, 22 April 2002. Available on http://www.pds-brandenburg.de/archiv/2002/april/2204_02.htm(viewed on 11 December 2006).
Christoph Seils, ‘In Sachsen toben Flügelkämpfe und legen den Landesverband lahm’, Berliner Zeitung, 24 September 1997. Available on http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1997/0924/politik/0044/index.html (viewed on 11 December 2006).
Sven Siebert, ‘PDS will Fünf-Prozent-Hürde für Bonn in Sachsen nehmen’, Leipziger Volkszeitung, 24 November 1997. Weckesser was — alongside fellow Saxon Christine Ostrowski — the author of the ‘Letter from Saxony’ in which the authors called for the Left Party to seek alliances with the SPD and Greens and to transform itself into an eastern German version of the Bavarian CSU. Unsurprisingly these demands met with little support within the party. See Dan Hough, 2002, p. 35.
This is one of the key reasons that Ernst was able to take over the leadership in the first place. Although Ernst is not seen as a particularly effective leader, this very weakness is seen as being an asset as it ensured that the balance Porsch created — and continues to maintain — between the Dresden and Leipzig groups of Left Party MdLs remains intact. Sven Heitkamp, ‘Conny Ernst entzweit die Gemüter in Sachsen’, Leipziger Volkszeitung, 26 July 2001, p. 4.
Michael Mara, ‘Die PDS denkt sich ins Mitregieren hinein’, Tagesspiegel, 14 January 1997.
Michael Mara, ‘Mit Schönbohm wird es für uns leichter’, Tagesspiegel, 16 October 1998.
Christoph Seils, ‘Interne Kritik an sächsischer PDS-Fraktion’, Berliner Zeitung, 21 September 1999. Available on http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner¬zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1999/0921/politik/0044/index.html (viewed on 11 December 2006).
Michael Bartsch, ‘Regierungspläne vertagt’, Neues Deutschland, 2 July 2001, p. 5.
See Andreas Novak, ‘Auf Kuschelkurs zum rot-roten Sieg’, Sächsische Zeitung, 16 July 2003, p. 6
Gunnar Saft, ‘Rote Schattenkrieger: PDS benennt Wahlka mpfspitze’, Sächsische Zeitung, 26 January 2004, p. 8
Hendrik Lasch, ‘Zwischen Profil und Partnersuche’, Neues Deutschland, 29 November 2004, p. 4.
Cornelia Ernst, ‘Wichtig ist, dass die PDS es aushält, weiter Regierung wie Opposition zu sein. Offener Brief des Landesvorstandes Sachsen an die PDS Berlin’, Pressedienst, 3, 2002. Available on http://www.sozialisten.de/politik/publikationen/pressedienst/view_html?zid=99320026bs=40026n=11 (viewed on 11 December 2006).
Cornelia Ernst and Peter Porsch, ‘Keine Alternative zur Überwindung der Stagnation der PDS von innen heraus’, Pressedienst, 39, 2002. Available on http://www.sozialisten.de/politik/publikationen/pressedienst/view_html/n5/ppl/bs4/zid10755 (viewed on 11 December 2006).
See Andrea Beyerlein, ‘Kampf um Bisky-Nachfolge beginnt’, Berliner Zeitung, 9 July 2003, p. 24.
Gerlinde Schneider, ‘Märkische PDS will “22 plus XXL”’, Neues Deutschland, 22 March 2004, p. 16.
Christoph Seils, ‘Gebremste Kandidatin’, Frankfurter Rundschau, 13 September 2004, p. 3.
Oskar Niedermayer, ‘Die brandenburgische Landtagswahl vom 19. September 2004. Reaktionen der Wähler auf Hartz IV’, Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen, 36 (1), 2005, p. 76.
Kerstin Kaiser only managed to win support from 69 per cent of the delegates when she was elected parliamentary party leader in October 2005. Gudrun Mallwitz, ‘Linkspartei.PDS: Kerstin Kaiser neue Chefin der Landtagsfraktion’, Die Welt, 19 October 2005. Available on http://www.welt.de/data/2005/10/19/791096.html (viewed on 11 December 2006).
Andrea Beyerlein, ‘PDS vor dem sechsten Führungswechsel’, Berliner Zeitung, 17 December 2004, p. 22
Andrea Beyerlein, ‘IM-Debatte auf dem Parteitag’, Berliner Zeitung, 21 February 2005, p. 21.
For more analysis on the generational conflict in Saxony see Michael Koß and Dan Hough, ‘Between a Rock and Many Hard Places–the PDS and Government Participation in the Eastern German Länder’, German Politics, 15 (1), 2006: 90–91.
Gunnar Saft, ‘Betonliste und Eigentor’, Sächsische Zeitung, 10 May 2004, p. 7.
Mechthild Köpper, ‘Hartz IV als Glaubwürdigkeitstest’, Frankfurter Allegemeine Zeitung, 5 August 2004, p. 4.
Cornelia Ernst, ‘Die nächsten Aufgaben der PDS in Sachsen. Rede auf dem PDS-Landesparteitag am 28 November 2004 in Chemnitz’, Pressedienst, 50, 2004. Available on http://www.sozialisten.de/politik/publikationen/pressedienst/view_html?zid=251960026bs=10026n=12 (viewed on 11 December 2006). Interestingly, this observation comes from a speech that Ernst gave at a party conference rather than in an interview, indicating that it was directed more at the Left Party’s own supporters than at its electorate.
See Linkspartei.PDS-Fraktion im Landtag Brandenburg, Für ein zukunftsfähiges und solidarisches Brandenburg ( Potsdam: Linkspartei.PDS-Fraktion im Landtag Brandenburg, 2006 ).
Bernd Honnigfort, ‘Die Entdeckung des Himmels’, Frankfurter Rundschau, 7 June 2000.
PDS-Fraktion im Sächsischen Landtag, Aleksa. Alternatives Landesent Wicklungskonzept fir den Freistaat Sachsen, (Dresden: PDS-Fraktion im Sächsischen Landtag, 2004 ). Benjamin Hoff argues that in spite of this qualitative jump forward the Saxon Left Party’s development plan for the state nonetheless remained more vague than that of those developed by Left Party branches elsewhere
See Benjamin-Immanuel Hoff, Die Linkspartei.PDS in der sächsischen Landespolitik, (Berlin: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, 2006). Available on http://www.rosalux.de/cros/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/Sachsenstudie_01.pdf (viewed on 11 December 2006).
See for example Frank Käßner, ‘Sächsische Linkspartei wollte harte Drogen freigeben’, Die Welt, 10 August 2005. Available on http://www.welt.de/data/2005/08/10/757824.html (viewed on 11 December 2006).
Reiner Burger, ‘Rausch ohne Reue’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11 August 2005, p. 3.
See Richard Rose, Lesson-Drawing in Public Policy: A Guide to Learning Across Time and Space ( Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1993 )
David Dolowitz and David Marsh, ‘Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making’, Governance, 13 (1), 2000: 5–24
Wade Jacoby, The Enlargement of the European Union and NATO: Ordering from the Menu in Central Europe ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 )
Dan Hough, ‘Introduction’, in Dan Hough, William E. Paterson and James Sloam (eds), Learning from the West: Policy Transfer and Programmatic Change in the Communist Successor Parties of East Central Europe ( London: Routledge, 2006 ), pp. 1–15.
See Matthias Micus, ‘Die Quadratur des Kreises. Parteiführung in der PDS’, in Daniela Forkmann and Michael Schlieben (eds), Die Parteivorsitzenden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1949–2004 ( Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2006 ), p. 292.
Benjamin-Immanuel Hoff, Horst Kahrs and Gerry Woop, ‘Aspekte eines linken Crossover-Diskurses’, spw-Zeitschrift für sozialistische Politik und Wirtschaft, 145 (4), 2005: 49–52.
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© 2007 Dan Hough, Michael Koß and Jonathan Olsen
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Hough, D., Koß, M., Olsen, J. (2007). The Left Party in Opposition. In: The Left Party in Contemporary German Politics. New Perspectives in German Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592148_8
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