Abstract
In the relative absence of economic and political resources in the immediate post-war years, symbolic actions and images assumed great significance for the management of the state and of public responses to the events of the day. In particular they enabled the French political and cultural elites to overcome the serious difficulties of re-establishing national unity and dealing with the complex aftermath of catastrophic wartime events. The importance of symbols is a familiar part of everyday experience in the twenty-first century, with the pervasive presence of the audio-visual media and the endless repetition of significant images, vested with enormous symbolic power. It now seems evident, for example, that the image of an aeroplane flying into the World Trade Centre condenses a multitude of issues, attitudes, people and events. But this obviousness is achieved by long months of repetition on a global scale, in many media, and in a wide diversity of contexts. For France in 1944, symbolic images had a more limited national context, and a less diverse range of possible meanings. But their action was no less powerful within their context.
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Notes
Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (London: Methuen, 1981).
Pierre Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power, ed. J. B. Thompson, trans. Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson (Cambridge: Polity and Blackwell, 1991).
Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, trans. Sheila Faria Glaser (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), 6.
See Anne Bony, Les Années 40 (Paris: Editions du Regard, 1985).
Pontus Hulten, ed., Paris-Paris 1937–1957 (Paris: Centre Georges Ponpidou, 1981).
Jean-Luc Daval, ed., L’art en Europe. Les années décisives 1945–53 (Geneva: Skira, 1987).
Frances Morris, ed., Paris Post War: Art and existentialism 1945–55 (London: Tate Gallery, 1993).
Henri Amouroux, ed., La France contemporaine: les années quarante (Paris: Taillandier, 1972), 262.
Lucien Goldmann, The Hidden God: a Study of Tragic Vision in the Pensées of Pascal and the Tragedies of Racine, trans. Philip Thody (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964).
See W. D. Halls, Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France (Oxford: Berg, 1995).
See Kay Chadwick, ed., Catholicism, Politics and Society in Twentieth-Century France (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000).
See William Kidd, ‘Identity and Iconography: French War-memorials 1914–1918 and 1939–1945’, in Popular Culture and Mass Communication in Twentieth-Century France, ed. Rosemary Chapman and Nicholas Hewitt (Lampeter: Edwin Mellen, 1992).
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© 2004 Michael Kelly
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Kelly, M. (2004). Finding the Symbols. In: The Cultural and Intellectual Rebuilding of France after the Second World War. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230511163_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230511163_4
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