Abstract
Textbook writers typically distinguish representation as a core function of diplomacy This is true of general introductions to international politics1 as well as specialized texts on diplomacy.2 Early European writers on diplomacy such as Wicquefort, focused on the representative function, seeing ambassadors first of all as representatives of sovereigns and regarding “the right of embassy” as the foremost mark of sovereignty.3 Students of contemporary diplomacy point to the problematic aspects of representation: “the idea of embodying the state is seen as immodest, false, and dangerous in a democratic and empiricist era replete with memories of the evils which can flow from treating nations as real and states as ends rather than means.”4 Professional diplomats, for their part, experience the dilemma of having at least two personae: their own and that of the state that employs them. “It is a fortunate diplomat who finds the two entirely compatible.”5
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Cf. H.J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 3rd edn (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), pp. 542–5;
K.J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), pp. 220–1.
G.R. Berridge, Diplomacy: Theory and Practice (London: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1995), pp. 34–5;
P. Sharp, “For Diplomacy: Representation and the Study of International Relations,” International Studies Review, 1 (1999) 33–57.
M. Keens-Soper, “Wicquefort,” in G.R. Berridge, M. Keens-Soper and T.G. Otte, Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave, 2001), p. 93.
P. Sharp, “Who Needs Diplomats? The Problem of Diplomatic Representation,” in J. Kurbalija (ed.), Modern Diplomacy (Malta: Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, 1998), p. 63.
M. Stearns, Talking to Strangers: Improving American Diplomacy at Home and Abroad (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 73.
H. Redner, A New Science of Representation: Towards an Integrated Theory of Representation in Science, Politics, and Art (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), p. 27.
A. de Grazia, “Representation: Theory,” in D.L. Sills (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Volume 13 (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), p. 462.
See H.F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972), pp. 3, 241.
F.R. Ankersmit, Political Representation (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002), p. 108.
See J. Tallberg, Making States Comply (Lund: Department of Political Science, Lund University, 1999), pp. 51–5.
Cf. M.D. McCubbins, R.G. Noll and B.G. Weingast, “Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control,” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 3 (1987) 243–77.
C. W. Freeman, Jr., Arts of Power: Statecraft and Diplomacy (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997), p. 115.
C.W. Thayer, Diplomat (New York: Harper&Brothers, 1959), p. 242.
B.J. Diggs, “Practical Representation,” in J.R. Pennock and J.W. Chapman (eds), Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1968), p. 31.
P. Barber, Diplomacy: The World of the Honest Spy (London: The British Library, 1979), p. 121.
H. Nicolson, “Foreword,” in C.W. Thayer, Diplomat (New York: Harper&Brothers, 1959), p. xi.
D.E. Queller, The Office of Ambassador in the Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967), p. 7.
G. Beckman, Hittite Diplomatic Texts (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1996), p. 20.
J.D. Mosley, “Envoys and Diplomacy in Ancient Greece,” Historia. Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte, Einzelschriften, Heft 22 (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1973), p. 39.
H. Nicolson, The Evolution of Diplomatic Method (Londo: Constable, 1954; reprinted by Diplomatic Studies Programme, Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester, 1998), p. 17.
See G. Jackson, Concorde Diplomacy: The Ambassador’s Role in the World Today (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981) pp. 67–8.
See S. Talbott, Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control (New York: Vintage Books, 1985), pp. 116–47.
T.A. Bailey, “Advice for Diplomats,” in E. Plischke (ed.), Modern Diplomacy: The Art and the Artisans (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1979), p. 227.
L. van der Essen, La Diplomatie (Bruxelles: Editions P.D.L., 1953), p. 52.
E. Satow, Satow’s Guide to Diplomatic Practice, 5th edn, ed., Lord Gore-Booth (London and New York: Longman, 1979), pp. 180–1.
T. Örn, Varför diplomati? [Why Diplomacy?] (Stockholm: Wahlström&Widstrand, 2002), pp. 61–2.
M. Liverani, International Relations in the Ancient Near East, 1600–1100 bc (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002), p. 72.
Quoted in G. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (London: Jonathan Cape, 1955), p. 219.
W. Macomber, The Angels’ Game: A Commentary on Modern Diplomacy, revised edn (Dennisport, MA: Crane Corporation, 1997), p. 21.
I.W. Zartman and M.R. Berman, The Practical Negotiator (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 223.
K. Hamilton and R. Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 132.
J.G.H. Halstead, “Today’s Ambassador,” in M.F. Herz (ed.), The Modern Ambassador: The Challenge and the Search (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1983), p. 23.
H. Trevelyan, Diplomatic Channels (Boston, MA: Gambit, 1973), p. 29.
C. Hill, “Diplomacy and the Modern State,” in C. Navari (ed.), The Condition of States (Milton Keynes and Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1991), p. 97.
P. Sharp, “Representation in a Nationalist Era,” Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, No. 15 (Leicester: Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester, 1996), p. 5.
H. Nicolson, Diplomacy, 3rd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 35.
J. Cutcher-Gershenfeld and M. Watkins, “Toward a Theory of Representation in Negotiation,” in R.H. Mnookin and L.E. Susskind (eds), Negotiating on Behalf of Others (London: Sage, 1999), p. 24.
R.R Kennedy, Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Signet Books, 1969), p. 116;
S. Simpson, “Education in Diplomacy,” in S. Simpson (ed.), Education in Diplomacy: An Instructional Guide (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987), p. 11;
R. Cooper, The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-first Century (London: Atlantic Books, 2003), p. 99.
D.W. Organ, “Linking Pins Between Organizations and Environment,” Business Horizons, 14 (1971) 11.
F.L. Ganshof, The Middle Ages: A History of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), p. 39.
A. Gillet, Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411–533 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.6 n12.
R. Langhorne, “History and the Evolution of Diplomacy,” in J. Kurbalija (ed.), Modern Diplomacy (Malta: Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, 1998), p. 159.
G.V. McClanahan, Diplomatic Immunity: Principles, Practices, Problems (London: Hurst&Co, 1989), p. 28.
N. Oikonomides, “Byzantine Diplomacy, A.D. 1204–1453: Means and Ends,” in J. Shepard and S. Franklin (eds), Byzantine Diplomacy (Aldershot: Variorum, 1992), p. 83.
G.R. Berridge, “Guicciardini,” in G.R. Berridge, M. Keens-Soper and T.G. Otte, Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave, 2001), p. 35.
E. Plischke, Conduct of American Diplomacy, 3rd edn (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1967), pp. 294–5.
G. Jackson, Concorde Diplomacy: The Ambassador’s Role in the World Today (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981), p. 116.
N. Kaufman Hevener (ed.), Diplomacy in a Dangerous World: Protection for Diplomats Under International Law (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1986), p. 69.
Cf. E. Clark, Corps Diplomatique (London: Allen Lane, 1973), p. 136;
J. Eayrs, Diplomacy and Its Discontents (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971), pp. 8, 12.
G.R. Berridge, “Amarna Diplomacy: A Full-fledged Diplomatic System?,” in R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (eds), Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 214.
A. Watson, Diplomacy: The Dialogue Between States (London: Eyre Methuen, 1982),
W. Macomber, The Angels’ Game: A Commentary on Modern Diplomacy, revised edn (Dennisport, MA: Crane Corporation, 1997), p. 26.
H. Nicolson, “Foreword,” in C.W. Thayer, Diplomat (New York: Harper&Brothers, 1959), p. xi.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2005 Christer Jönsson and Martin Hall
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jönsson, C., Hall, M. (2005). Diplomatic Representation. In: Essence of Diplomacy. Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230511040_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230511040_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-54341-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-51104-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)