Abstract
The view of the early twentieth century historian of the Tory party, that Restoration political life was characterised by ‘a fierce un-English bitterness towards opponents …[by] personal feuds in the royal party [and by] the depravity of public as of private morals’ is still widely held, although perhaps with reservations about this behaviour being particularly ‘un-English’. To Sir Keith Feiling ‘the brand of the emigré is stamped on the generation after 1660’ and these evils were the direct consequence of the royalist emigration. They were the result of ‘a dozen years of starved dependence upon foreign courts, of political schemes divorced from any contact with political reality, of the eternal temptations besetting a party in exile, which sees its women and children hungry, and its homes in others’ hands’.2
The brand of the emigré is stamped on the generation after 1660.
(Sir Keith Feiling)1
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Notes
Ibid, pp. 78–9. See also the view of Alan Marshall that the ‘exiles … had suffered, fought and plotted their way through the 1650s and Charles and his key ministers brought all these experiences into government with them: Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II, p. 8.
Paul Seward, ‘The Restoration 1660–1668’, in Stuart England, ed. Blair Worden, (Oxford, 1986), p. 155.
Commons Journal, viii, 502. For examples of returned exiles listed as ‘court dependants’ see Henning, House of Commons, i, 750 (Bulteale); ii, 138 (Cotterell); 192 (Darcy); 356 (Fox); 518 (Heath); iii, 30 (Massey); 34 (Mauleverer); 35 (May); 173 (O’Neill); 238 (Phelips); 285 (Price); 294 (Progers); 343 (Robinson); 422 (Seymour); 524 (Talbot); 594 (Trelawney); 702 (Wheeler); 774 (Wyndham).
Ibid, iii, 71–2, 142–3.
For Buckingham see Hutton, Charles II, passim; Hester Chapman, Great Villiers, (London, 1949). For Titus see Aylmer, The Crown’s Servants, pp. 164–5; Henning, House of Commons, iii, 5 70–4; DNB.
Quoted in Tomalin, Pepys, p. 108.
Somers Tracts, vii, 390–3; CCISP, iv, 629–30; Keeble, Restoration, pp. 58–9.
For recent discussions of this issue see Keeble, Restoration, pp. 85–9; Aylmer, The Crown’s Servants, pp. 264–8.
Pepys Diary, v, 56. (22 February 1664).
Sir Charles Berkeley was created Viscount Fitzhardinge in 1663 and Earl of Falmouth in 1665. ‘Hamilton’ probably refers to one of the courtier and professional soldier sons of the Irish royalist Sir George Hamilton.
For Fox’s loyalty to Clarendon see Clay, Public Finance and Private Wealth, pp. 11–16, 117–18. For Coventry’s see 011ard, Clarendon and His Friends, pp. 286, 345.
NP, ii, 25, 217; Clarendon, Rebellion, i, 96, 97, 98; Life, i, 615; ii, 191; Halkett and Fanshawe Memoirs, p. 140; 011ard, Clarendon and His Friends, pp. 171–3; Hutton, Charles II, p. 144; Seaward, Cavalier Parliament, pp. 84–5, 217–21.
BL. Harleian MS 1843, fols. 3–7; CSPD 1663–1664, p. 2; Henning, House of Commons, iii, 524. For numerous examples of petitions to Ormonde for places in the royal household and for offices in Ireland see Bod. L. Carte MS 31, passim.
Bod. L. Carte MS 32, fols. 346–7, and passim. For O’Neill’s role as an intermediary between Charles and Ormonde see Alan Marshall, The Age ofFaction: Court Politics 1660–1702, (Manchester University Press, 1999), p. 39.
CSP Ireland 1663–1665, pp. 633, 640, 641; 1666–1669, pp. 391, 456–7; Letters to Sir Joseph Williamson, ed. W. D. Christie, Camden Soc., (London, 1874), 2 vols., ii, 24. Arlington and Lord Ossory, Ormonde’s eldest son, were married to the daughters of Louis of Orange-Nessau, whom they had met when they were in exile.
CSPD 1661–1662, pp. 86, 276, 284, 458; 1663–1664, pp. 67, 343; 1667–1688, p. 543; 1673–1675, pp. 108; CSP Ireland 1663–1665, pp. 87, 91, 268, 301, 640–1, 654; 1669–1670, pp. 65, 161, 163, 281. For examples of O’Neill’s correspondence with Ormonde see Bod. L. Carte MS 32, fols. 3, 9, 23, 26, 312, 405; for Henry Coventry to Ormonde see BL. Add. MS 25125, fols. 59, 61, 65.
Carte, Letters and Papers, i, 155; HMC, 10th Report, iv, 147; CSPD 1655, pp. 204, 588; NP, iii, 5; iv, 20; Keeler, Long Parliament, p. 142; Barbour, Arlington, p. 7; Balleine, All for the King, p. 78; Henning, House of Commons, ii, 134–5, 172; iii, 257, 294.
Graham Parry, ‘Minds and Manners 1660–1688’, in Stuart England, ed. Blair Worden, p. 176. See also Keeble, Restoration, pp. 171–82.
Ibid, pp. 176–8; Fraser, King Charles II, pp. 153, 280–4; Underdown, Royalist Conspiracy, pp. 59, 75–6, 81–2, 333.
Henning, House of Commons, iii, 237–8, 421–2, (Phelips and Seymour); Newman, Royalist Officers, p. 285 (Phelips); Aylmer, The Crown’s Servants, p. 164 (Titus).
Blague was a friend of Gerard and the correspondence of Nicholas and Hatton sometimes associates him with the group around Gerard who attempted to undermine Hyde’s position as the king’s chief adviser. NP, ii, 151, 157; CC1SP, iii, 115.
Memorials of the Holles Family, p. 2.
For Bab May see CC1SP, i, 445, ii, 304; HMC, Bath MSS, ii, 97; CSPD 1651–1652, p. 143; Aylmer, ‘Patronage at the Court of Charles II’, in the Stuart Courts, ed. Eveline Cruickshanks, (Sutton Publishing, 2000), p. 196; Henning, The House of Commons, iii, 35–6; Aylmer, The Crown’s Servants, p. 25. For Hugh May see CSPD 1655, p. 582; 1661–1662, p. 275; H. M. Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of English Architects 1660–1840, (London, 1954) pp. 382–3.
Quotations from Cregan ‘Daniel O’Neill in Exile and Restoration’, p. 72.
Pepys quoted in Hardacre ‘Royalists in Exile’, p. 370; Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, A Collection of Several Tracts, (Oxford, 1727), p. 336.
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© 2003 Geoffrey Smith
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Smith, G. (2003). The Brand of the Emigré. In: The Cavaliers in Exile 1640–1660. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230505476_14
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