Abstract
The study of gender is in ferment today. Feminists, sociologists, political analysts, psychologists and psychoanalysts, literary critics, film critics – many scholars are taking part in the ‘discovery’ of gender. Previously, the relations of power between men and women, the hidden political structures of heterosexual ity and the family, the way gender permeates many cultural areas such as sport, film, music, literature – these aspects of social existence had been relatively ignored. One could argue that they were simply unconscious; alternatively one might suggest that they were ‘mystified’, in the semi-conscious wish to keep injustice hidden. But certainly there has been an explosion of work in the last two decades: work on gender can be found in many areas where it had been unknown, for example in the sociology of sport, or in film studies.
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2 Approaches to Gender
1. See H. L. Radtke and H. J. Starn (eds), Gender and Power: Social Relations in Theory and Practice (London: Sage, 1994).
2. See Stephanie L. Twin, ‘Women and Sport’, in D. Spivey (ed.), Sport in America: New Historical Perspectives (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1985) pp. 193-217.
Beatrix Campbell, Goliath: Britain’s Dangerous Places (London: Methuen, 1993)
7. Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago, 1990) p. xiii.
The Costs of Suicide: Ripples on the Pond (Slough: The Samaritans, 1994) pp. 4-5.
Kate Millett, Sexual Politics (London: Sphere, 1972) p. 329.
lO. Roger Horrocks, Masculinity in Crisis: Myths, Fantasies and Realities (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994) Chapter 6.
11. D. H. Lawrence, Women in Love (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963) pp. 389 and 224.
12. See Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present (London: Quartet, 1977).
Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I, An Introduction (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990) p. 103.
Leslie Fiedler, Love and Death in the American Novel (London: Paladin, 1970).
16. Wayne Studer, Rock on the Wild Side: Gay Male Images in Popular Music of the Rock Era (San Francisco: Leyland, 1994); Mark Simpson, Male Impersonators: Men Performing Masculinity (London: Cassell, 1994); Marjorie Garber, Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992).
17. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985); and Epistemology in the Closet (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991).
20. S. Freud, Three Essays on Sexuality, in On Sexuality, The Pelican Freud Library, Volume 7 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977) pp. 56–7.
See for example Michael Warner, ‘Homo-narcissism; or Heterosexuality’, in 1. A. Boone and M. Cadden (eds), Engendering Men: The Question of Male Feminist Criticism (New York and London: Routledge, 1990) pp. 190–206.
S. Freud, Three Essays on Sexuality, p. 86; for a historical survey, see Kenneth Lewes, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Male Homosexuality (London and New York: Quartet Books, 1989).
For a description of a non-capitalist culture where sexuality is of great political importance, see Maurice Godelier, The Making of Great Men: Male Domination and Power among the New Guinea Baruya (Cambridge: CUP, 1986).
Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and its Discontents (London and New York: Routledge, 1989) pp. 13–14.
25. Louis Althusser, ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation)’, in Lenin and Philosophy and other essays (London: NLB, 1971) pp. 123–73.
26. R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987) p. ix; Caroline Ramazanoglu, Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression (London: Routledge, 1989) p. 14.
See particularly David D. Gilmore, Manhood in the Making (London and New York: Yale University Press, 1990).
For an extended discussion of the relations between Marxism and anthropology, see Donald L. Donham, History, Power, Ideology: Central Issues in Marxism and Anthropology (Cambridge: CUP, 1990).
30 L. Hudson and B. Jacot, The Way Men Think (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1991) p. 49.
Ibid., Chapter 4. See also Robert Stoller, Presentations of Gender (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985).
32. Erich Fromm, ‘The Method and Function of an Analytic Social Psychology’, The Crisis of Psychoanalysis (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973) p. 158.
C. Geertz, ‘Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight’, in The Interpretation of Cultures (London: Hutchinson, 1975) pp. 412–53; T. H. Breen, ‘Horses and Gentlemen: The Cultural Significance of Gambling Among the Gentry of Virginia’ , in D. Spivey (ed.), Sport in America pp. 3–24.
See J. A. Hawkins (ed.), Explaining Language Universals (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988).
41. Thomas Gregor, Anxious Pleasures: the Sexual Life of an Amazonian People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), cited in D. Gilmore, Manhood in the Making, p. 10.
See Eve Sedgwick’s discussion of the ‘nature’l’nurture’ opposition in Epistemology in the Closet, pp. 40–4.
For further discussion of the relations between sex, gender and sexuality, see Lynne Segal, Straight Sex, pp. 245–53 and 267–74; Eve Sedgwick, Epistemology in the Closet, pp. 27–35; and the essays in Sexuality: A Reader, ed. Feminist Review (London: Virago, 1987).
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© 1995 Roger Horrocks
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Horrocks, R. (1995). Approaches to Gender. In: Campling, J. (eds) Male Myths and Icons. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389397_2
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