Abstract
In Chapter 6, development outcomes were examined in terms of growth of output, productivity and investment efficiency. In this and the following chapters, 8, 9, and 10, we are interested in reviewing the outcomes of development policies in terms of inequalities of access to technology, health and education. This chapter discusses unequal outcomes with regard to such aspects as income, consumption and other inequalities. These are considered in the context of (i) rural—urban differences, (ii) interregional or provincial variations and (iii) class distinctions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes and References
Ehtisham Ahmad and Athar Hussain, Public Action for Social Security in China, paper prepared for a workshop on Social Security in Developing Countries, London School of Economics, July 1988.
See National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) Changes in Household Income, Inter-class Mobility and Income Distribution in Rural India, A Longitudinal Study, 1970–71 — 1981–82, (mimeo), New Delhi, 1986.
NCAER, Household Income and its Disposition, New Delhi, 1980, p. 123.
Ibid.
Nicholas R. Lardy, ‘Consumption and Living Standards in China, 1978–83’, China Quarterly, December 1984.
Cited in Dai Yannian, ‘Dealing with Unfair Income Gaps’, Beijing Review, 15–21 August 1988.
Ibid.
P. K. Bardhan, ‘The Pattern of Income Distribution in India: A Review’, in P. K. Bardhan and T. N. Srinivasan (eds). Poverty and Income Distribution in India, Calcutta, Statistical Publishing Society, 1974.
Dwight Heald Perkins, ‘Reforming China’s Economic System’, Journal of Economic Literature, June 1988.
See G. K. Kadekodi, ‘The Cost of a Balanced Diet’, in R. Sinha et al., Poverty, Income Distribution and Employment — A Case Study of India, Glasgow, Delhi, Oxford Project Report, 1978, Part II (mimeo); and G. S. Chatterjee and N. Bhattacharya, ‘On Disparities in Per Capita Household Consumption’, in Bardhan and Srinivasan, Poverty and Income Distribution, 1974, op. cit., p. 195.
Sudipto Mundle, ‘Land, Labour and the Level of Living in Rural Punjab’, in A. R. Khan and Eddy Lee (eds), Poverty in Rural Asia, Bangkok, ILO/ARTEP, 1983.
Sudipto Mundle, ‘Land, Labour and the Level of Living in Rural Bihar’, in Khan and Lee, ibid.
Ashoka Mody, ‘Resource Flows Between Agriculture and Non-agriculture’, Economic and Political Weekly, Annual Number, March 1981.
A. Mody, ‘Rural Resources Generation and Mobilisation’, Economic and Political Weekly, March 1983.
Dwight Perkins and Shahid Yusuf, Rural Development in China, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1984.
Ibid., p. 19.
Anand G. Chandavarkar, ‘The Financial Pull of Urban Areas in LDCs — The Phenomenon of Urban Bias in its Financial Aspects and Some Possible Correctives’, Finance and Development, June 1984.
N. J. Bhatia, ‘Trends in Credit-Deposit and Investment-Credit-Deposit Ratios of Scheduled Commercial Banks, 1969–1985’, Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, May 1987.
Gregory C. Chow, The Chinese Economy, Harper & Row Publishers, 1985, p. 233; and Almanac of China’s Economy, 1981, pp. 662–63.
On-Kit Tam, ‘Rural Finance in China’, China Quarterly, March 1988.
P. Radhakrishnan, ‘Land Reforms: Rhetoric and Reality’, Economic and Political Weekly, 24 November 1990.
Ehtisham Ahmad and Athar Hussain, Public Action for Social Security in China, op. cit.
See A. S. Kahlon and D. S. Tyagi, Agricultural Price Policy in India, New Delhi, Allied Publishers Private Ltd, 1983, pp. 448–51.
Amartya Sen and Jean Drrrze, Hunger and Public Action, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989, p. 209.
Alain de Janvey and K. Subbarao, Agricultural Price Policy and Income Distribution in India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1986.
See A. R. Khan et al., ‘Household Income and its Distribution in China’, China Quarterly, December 1992.
Dwight Perkins and Moshe Syrquin, large Countries: The Influence of Size’, in H. Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan (eds), Handbook of Development Economics, Vol. II, Amsterdam, North Holland, 1989.
See Suzanne Paine, ‘Spatial Aspects of Chinese Development Issues, Outcomes and Policies, 1949–79’, Journal of Development Studies, January 1981.
Thomas P. Lyons, ‘Interprovincial Trade and Development in China, 1957–1979’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, January 1987.
Nicholas R. Lardy, Economic Growth and Distribution in China, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978.
G. S. Bhalla and D. S. Tyagi, Patterns in Indian Agricultural Development — A District Level Study, New Delhi, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, 1989.
Jeffrey G. Williamson, ‘Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development — A Description of the Patterns’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Part II, July 1965.
Rizwanul Islam, ‘The Growth of Rural Industries in Post-Reform China: Patterns, Determinants and Consequences’, Development and Change, October 1991.
Tuoyu Wang, ‘Regional Imbalances’, in William A. Byrd and Lin Qingsong, (eds), China’s Rural Industry: Structure, Development and Reform, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990.
Richard Curt Kraus, Class Conflict in Chinese Socialism, New York, Columbia University Press, 1981.
Graham Young, ‘Control and Style: Discipline and Inspection Commissions since the llth Congress’, China Quarterly, March 1984; and William L. Parish, ‘Egalitarianism in Chinese Society’, Problems of Communism, January–February 1981.
T. J. Byres, ‘The New Technology, Class Formation and Class Action in the Indian Countryside’, Journal of Peasant Studies, July 1981.
Sheila Bhalla, ‘Agricultural Growth: Role of Institutional and Infrastructural Factors’. Economic and Political Weekly, 5 and 12 November 1977; and Biplab Das Gupta, Agrarian Change and the New Technology in India, Geneva, UNRISD, 1977.
Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeher Rudolph, In Pursuit of Lakshmi — The Political Economy of the Indian State, New Delhi, Orient Longman, 1988, p. 2.
Michael Lipton with Richard Longhurst, New Seeds and Poor People, London, Unwin Hyman, 1989.
Prem Shankar Jha, INDIA — A Political Economy of Stagnation, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1980.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1995 A. S. Bhalla
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bhalla, A.S. (1995). Development Outcomes: Inequalities. In: Uneven Development in the Third World. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230376908_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230376908_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-39389-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-37690-8
eBook Packages: Palgrave Economics & Finance CollectionEconomics and Finance (R0)