Abstract
The onslaught of British forces under General Sir Edmund Allenby in the Palestine Campaign of 1917-18 led to the surrender of Turkey at the end of October 1918. Britain replaced the Ottoman Empire as the dominant power in the Middle East.
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Notes
B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the First World War (London: Cassell, 1970 [first published in 1930]), pp. 553–62
W. T. Massey, How Jerusalem was Won (London, Constable, 1919)
General Sir Archibald Wavell, Allenby (London: Harrap, 1940), Chs VIII to X, June 1917 –October 1918
Sidney Pollard, The Development of the British Economy 1914–1950 (London: Edward Arnold. 1962), p. 201.
Stephen Roskill, Hankey: Man of Secrets, Vol. II: 1919–1931 (London: Collins, 1972), p. 205. Sir Maurice Hankey was secretary of the Cabinet and of the Committee of Imperial Defence.
G. C. Peden, British Rearmament and the Treasury: 1932–1939 (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1979), p. 3. See also Mowat op. cit., p. 130.
Major-General Sir C. E. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, Vol. II (London: Cassell, 1927), p. 244.
See also Brian Bond, British Military Policy Between the Two World Wars (Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1980), pp. 30–1
See W. K. Hancock, and M. M. Gowing, British War Economy (London: HMSO, 1949), pp. 45, 63; Gibbs, op.cit., Chs I—III; Peden, op. cit., p. 7; Roskill, op.cit., pp. 536–8.
For a critical evaluation of the standard views of historians about the influence of Treasury control on strategic policy, see John Robert Ferris, The Evolution of British Strategic Policy, 1919–1926 (London: Macmillan, 1989), Chs 2, 11.
Gilbert, Martin, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. V: 1922–1939 (London: Heinemann, 1976), p. 72.
Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin. A Biography (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), pp. 339–40.
Andrew Boyle, Trenchard (London: Collins, 1962), p. 526. Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Hugh Trenchard was Chief of Air Staff 1918 and 1919 to 1929. He was Commissioner of Metropolitan Police from 1931 to 1935.
Boyle, pp. 381–2, 386–7. See also David E. Omissi, Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919–1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1990). pp. 25–7.
Major-General Sir Charles W. Gwynn, Imperial Policing (London: Macmillan, 1934, reprinted 1936), p. 8: ‘In Iraq … there have been numerous interesting cases of the employment of ground troops in cooperation with air action to suppress disaffection, apart from cases where air action alone was sufficient.’ See also Boyle, pp. 390–1; Omissi, Ch. 4.
Bowden, Tom, The Breakdown of Public Security: The Case of Ireland 1916–1921 and Palestine 1936–1939 (London: Sage, 1977), p. 205, wrote: ‘Many of the arms used in the period 1936–39 had originally left Palestine for the Syrian revolt of 1925–26, only to begin returning to Palestine from 1929 onwards.’ His source was AIR 2/1568.
PREM 1/102, ff. 456–7, Confidential Despatch from the High Commissioner to the Colonial Secretary, 17 January 1930, Enclosure II: ‘Memorandum enumerating the Decisions taken in regard to the Establishments of the Police and Defence Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan since 1925 and on Defence Arrangements generally.’ See also L. S. Amery, My Political Life, Volume II: War and Peace 1914–1929 (London: Hutchinson, 1953), p. 319. After the 1929 riots, Amery regretted the decisions he had helped to take: Weizmann archive, Rehovot, 1929 chronology ‘Maas Diary’, 3 December 1929.
Chancellor Papers, Box 12/6, ff. 68–9, copy of Despatch from the Colonial Secretary to the High Commissioner for Palestine, 14/4/27, Enclosure IV of unsigned ‘Memorandum on the Fixing of the Establishment of the Police and Defence Forces in Palestine since 1925 and as to the Defence Arrangements generally’, 27 September 1929. See also Michael J. Cohen, Churchill and the Jews (London: Cass. 1985). pp. 151–7.
Stewart Symes, Tour of Duty (London: Collins, 1946), pp. 56–7. The ‘savings’ did not contribute much to the financing of reforms for the benefit of the rural poor. See the Addendum to L. J. Stein’s memorandum on defence and security, 25/9/29, CZA 6894.
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© 1993 Martin Kolinsky
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Kolinsky, M. (1993). The Thin Line of Security. In: Law, Order and Riots in Mandatory Palestine, 1928–35. Macmillan’s Studies in Military and Strategic History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375659_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375659_2
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