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Native Authority Clientage

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Food Insecurity and the Social Division of Labour in Tanzania, 1919–85

Part of the book series: St Antony’s Series ((STANTS))

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Abstract

Prior to colonial penetration, Tanzania was composed of a welter of tribal1 groupings displaying a wide array of organisational forms that embraced a kingdom, dozens of matrilineal and patrilineal chiefdoms, and age-grade societies as well as acephalous populations which did not cohere as corporate units until the superimposition of the colonial state made it expedient to do so.

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Notes

  1. I use ‘tribe’ to refer to societies where economic organisation and access to land are based on kinship (Mair, L., An Introduction to Social Anthropology (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983) p. 14).

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  2. Chagga: Liebenow, J.G., ‘Tribalism, Traditionalism, and Modernism in Chagga Local Government’, Journal of African Administration 10 (2) (1958) p. 74;

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  3. Sukuma: Cory, H., The Indigenous Political System of the Sukuma, (Nairobi, East African Literature Bureau, 1954) p. 11;

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  4. Kimbu: Shorter, A.E.M., Chiefship in Western Tanzania: A Political History of the Kimbu (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972) p. 106.

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  5. Wright, A.C.A., ‘The Transition from Native Administration to Local Government’, Paper prepared for the Government of Tanganyika (1952) 3 (Cory Collection No. 402, UDSM).

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  6. Fosbrooke, H.A., ‘Tanganyika, the Application of Indirect Rule to Chiefless Societies’, Rhodes-Livingstone Conference Proceedings, RH (1959) pp. 22–3;

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  7. Ranger, T., ‘European Attitudes and African Realities: The Rise and Fall of the Matola Chiefs of Southeast Tanzania’, Journal of African History 20 (1979) p. 82.

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  8. To Cameron, indirect rule was a matter of using ‘their own indigenous institutions in order to promote higher standards of civilization’. Whereas one former district officer and resident magistrate summarised the policy as: ‘(A) Bringing the African people to respect their gerontocracy and (B) making the gerontocracy worthy of that respect. (A) depended very considerably on (B), but (B) was often difficult to implement’ (Cameron, Sir D., ‘Native Administration in Nigeria and Tanganyika’, Journal of the Royal African Society XXXVI (1937) p. 9.)

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  9. Hartnoll, A.V., ‘Prayer for Rain in Ugogo’, TNR 13 (June 1942) p. 59;

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  10. Sukuma, Hehe, Nyamwezi, Luguru: McCallum, D., ‘Rain-making in Tanganyika’, TNR 52 (March 1959) p. 53.

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  11. Whatever administrative arrangement had transpired under German rule the rituals endured (Luguru: Young, R. and Fosbrooke, H., Land and Politics among the Luquru (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960) p. 84;

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  14. Feierman, S., Concepts of Sovereignty among the Shambaa and their Relation to Political Action, Oxford, D.Phil thesis (1972) p. 398.

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  15. TI’, Native Authority Memorandum, No. 3 (1930) p. 15–(i).

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  19. TT, Native Authority Memorandum, No. III, 15-(i) (1930).

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  21. Sturdy, D.S., Transcript of ‘Interview concerning Agricultural Services in Tanganyika, 1926–45’, RH Mss. Afr.s. 1331 (1969) pp. 14–15;

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  25. Longland interview reported in Heussler, R.W., British Tanganyika. An Essay and Documents on District Administration (Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1971) p. 57.

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  26. TT, Native Authority Memorandum No. VIII (DSM, Government Printer, 1929) pp. 20–3;

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  27. Young and Fosbrooke, Land and Politics, p. 86; Liebenow, J.G., ‘Some Problems in Introducing Local Government Reform in Tanganyika’, Journal of African Administration 8 (3) (1956) p. 135.

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  28. TT, Native Administration Memorandum No. 1 ( DSM: Government Printer, 1930) pp. 21–2.

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  29. Salaried headmen, upon the discretion of the chief, could receive modest monthly, quarterly or half-yearly salaries based on 3 per cent of the taxes paid by their village, whereas further down those with less than 100 taxpayers did not receive remuneration (TT, Native Authority Memorandum No. 3 (1930) 15-(iv).

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  30. Winnington-Ingram, C., Miscellaneous Papers: ‘N. Mara district annual report’, RH Mss. Afr.s. 1749 (1950) p. 10.

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  31. Gulliver, P., Labour Migration in a Rural Economy: A Study of the Ngoni and Ndendeuli of Southern Tanganyika (Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, 1955) p. 29.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, UK

    Deborah Fahy Bryceson (Senior Member of the Cross-Cultural Centre for Research on Women)

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  1. Deborah Fahy Bryceson
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© 1990 Deborah Fahy Bryceson

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Bryceson, D.F. (1990). Native Authority Clientage. In: Food Insecurity and the Social Division of Labour in Tanzania, 1919–85. St Antony’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230373754_9

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