Abstract
The French Revolution launched the forces of liberalism and nationalism and evoked the conservative reaction against them. The interactions between these forces defined the contours of nineteenth-century politics. What later in the century came to be called the ‘Jewish Question’ was bound up in the earlier struggles between conservatives and liberals, between defenders of the social order that existed before the French Revolution, and proponents of the more dynamic social order which that revolution had made possible. Reactionaries were usually opposed to Jewish emancipation, but the latter also provoked opposition from elements within the liberal and national movements. Jews found friends in both camps, just as antisemitism was to draw strength from every major stream in nineteenth-century political culture.
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Notes
Ruth Gay, The Jews of Germany. A Historical Portrait (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992), 114, 131; Mendes-Flohr and Reinharz, The Jew in the Modern World 127 f.
Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism Volume Ill, From Voltaire to Wagner (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975), 237
Paul Lawrence Rose, Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990 ), 108.
The classic account is George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology. Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich ( New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1964 ).
Jost Hermand, Old Dreams of a New Reich: Volkish Utopias and National Socialism ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992 ).
Leonore Sterling, ‘Anti-Jewish Riots in Germany in 1819: A Displacement of Social Protest,’ Historica Judaica 12 (1950), 105–42, and Katz, op. cit., 102.
William O. McCagg, Jr, A History of Habsburg Jews, 1670–1918 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989 ), 57–60, 81.
Only biological racism was lacking. James F. Harris, The People Speak! Anti-Semitism and Emancipation in Nineteenth-Century Bavaria (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), 226 f.
Charles Lane, ‘The Tainted Sources of “The Bell Curve”’, The New York Review of Books XLI, 20 (1 December 1994), 14–19, critiques a recent attempt to re-legitimize racial categories of analysis.
George L. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution. A History of European Racism ( New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1980 ), 234.
Jacques Barzun, Race: A Study in Superstition (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), 5, 20–22.
Michael D. Biddiss, ed., Gobineau. Selected Political Writings, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1970), 13–18. The first volume of the Essay appeared in 1853. cf. Barzun, op. cit., 51.
See the Dedication ‘To His Majesty George V, King of Hanover’, in The Inequality of the Human Races (London, 1915), xiv f; 1 f.; Biddiss, op. cit. 91; Barzun, op. cit. 60; and Mosse, Toward the Final Solution 53.
David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture ( Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1966 ), 182.
William Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe. A Sociological Study, New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1915 (first published 1899 ).
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© 1998 Lionel B. Steiman
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Steiman, L.B. (1998). The Nineteenth Century: Liberalism, Nationalism, Racism. In: Paths to Genocide. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230371330_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230371330_6
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