Abstract
The Ustaša movement, a revolutionary-terrorist organization whose goal was the establishment of an independent Croatia within its ‘historical and ethnic borders’, gained power after the Axis powers invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941.1 The newly proclaimed Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) included the majority of the territories claimed by the Ustaše, including Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the coastal Adriatic region, especially in Dalmatia, the Ustaše were forced to cede certain territories to the Kingdom of Italy. Although Benito Mussolini had previously supported the Ustaše, the Italian annexation of parts of the Croatian coast became a serious obstacle in the relations between Rome and the new Croatian state and pushed the Ustaša regime into closer alliance with the Third Reich.2
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Notes
For more information concerning the foundation of the Ustaša movement and its activities before the proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia see Mario Jareb, Ustaško-domobranski pokret, od nastanka do travnja 1941. godine (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, Školska knjiga, 2006).
For a monographic presentation of the Ustaša movement after it gained power see Fikreta Jelić-Butić, Ustaše i Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, 1941–1945. (Zagreb: Sveučilišna naklada Liber & Izdavačko poduzeće Školska knjiga, 1977).
For a valuable collection of NDH documents dealing with the discrimination and terror against the Serb population during 1941 see Zločini na jugoslovenskim prostorima u prvom i drugom svetskom ratu, Zbornik dokumenata, tom I, Zločini Nezavisne Dr; žave Hrvatske 1941.–1945. (Belgrade: Vojnoistorijski institut, 1993).
For a recent study of relations between Bosnia-Herzegovina Muslims and NDH See Nada Kisić Kolanović, Muslimani i hrvatski nacionalizam 1941.–1945. (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, Školska knjiga, 2009). For a study of the Muslim community in Zagreb during the NDH see Zlatko Hasanbegović, Muslimani u Zagrebu 1878.–1945., Doba utemeljenja (Zagreb: Medžlis Islamske zajednice u Zagrebu, Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar, 2007), pp. 167–386.
Regarding the religious conversion of Serbs see Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration [hereafter, Occupation and Collaboration] (Stanford University Press, 2001), pp. 534–544; for NDH persecution of the Serbian Orthodox clergy see ibid., pp. 568–575; for conversion of Serbs to Islam see Hasanbegović, Muslimani u Zagrebu 1878.–1945., Doba utemeljenja, pp. 348–383.
For a detailed examination of these Ustaša mass killings of the Serb population in Bosnia-Herzegovina during 1941 see Tomislav Dulić, Utopias of Nation, Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42 (Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Historica Upsaliensia 218, 2005). Many NDH documents dealing with these mass executions of Serbs during 1941 were published in: Zločini na jugoslovenskim prostorima u prvom i drugom svetskom ratu, Zbornik dokumenata, tom I, Zločini Nezavisne Države Hrvatske 1941.–1945.
For example, during the second half of the 1930s political representatives of the Bosnian Serbs strongly resented even the modest political concessions given to Bosnian Muslims by the Yugoslav government of Milan Stojadinović, comparing this with the restoration of the, from the Serb perspective, notorious Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia-Herzegovina. See Zlatko Hasanbegović, Jugoslavenske muslimanska organizacija u političkom životu Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1929.–1941., Doktorska disertacija (Zagreb: Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Filozofski fakultet, 2009), pp. 199–231.
Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o Narodnooslobodilačkom ratu jugoslovenskih naroda, tom IV, Borbe u Bosni i Hercegovini 1941 god., knjiga 1 (Belgrade: Vojno-istoriski institut Jugoslovenske armije, 1951), dok. br. 245.
Davor Marijan, ‘Lipanjski ustanak u istočnoj Hercegovini 1941. godine’, Časopis za suvremenu povijest, vol. 35, no. 2 (2003), pp. 545–576.
Hronologija oslobodilačke borbe naroda Jugoslavije 1941–1945. (Belgrade: Vojnoistorijski institut, 1964), pp. 53–54, 60–61.
On the attitude of the Yugoslav communists towards the solving of the national question among Yugoslav nations see Ivo Banac, With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1988).
Zdenko Radelić, Hrvatska u Jugoslaviji 1945.–1991., od zajedništva do razlaza (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, Školska knjiga, 2006), p. 35.
Rasim Hurem, Kriza narodnooslobodilačkog pokreta u Bosni i Hercegovini krajem 1941. i početkom 1942. godine (Sarajevo: ‘Svjetlost’ izdavačko preduzeće, 1972), pp. 39–40.
For a reliable English-language study on the Chetnik movement see Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks [hereafter, The Chetniks] (Stanford University Press, 1975). For a study on the Chetnik movement in Croatia see Fikreta Jelić-Butić, Četnici u Hrvatskoj 1941–1945. (Zagreb: Globus, 1986). It must be mentioned that Jelić-Butić’s study covers only the Chetnik movement within the Croatian borders as they were established in 1945, while Chetniks in Bosnia-Herzegovina are not covered.
Nikica Barić, Ustroj kopnene vojske domobranstva Nezavisne Države Hrvatske, 1941.–1945. (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2003), pp. 304–341.
Quoted in Nada Kisić Kolanović, Mladen Lorković, ministar urotnik (Zagreb: Golden marketing, Hrvatski državni arhiv, 1998), pp. 391–394.
Nada Kisić Kolanović, ‘Hrvatski državni sabor Nezavisne Države Hrvatske 1942.’, Časopis za suvremenu povijest, vol. 32, no. 3 (2000), pp. 545–565.
Ante Pavelić, Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva (Madrid: Domovina, 1998), pp. 23–24.
Ibid., pp. 31–66.
Tomasevich, Occupation and Collaboration, pp. 544–548, 568–575. On the foundation and activities of the Croatian Orthodox Church also see Petar Požar, Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva u prošlosti i budućnosti (Zagreb: Naklada Pavičić, 1996).
For a recent overview of Starčević’s ideology see Tomislav Markus: ‘Društveni pogledi Ante Starčevića’, Šasopis za suvremenu povijest, vol. 41, no. 3 (2009), pp. 827–848.
Mirjana Gross, Povijest pravaške ideologije (Zagreb: Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Institut za hrvatsku povijest, 1973), pp. 160–161.
Christian Axboe Nielsen, One State, One Nation, One King: The Dictatorship of King Aleksandar and His Yugoslav Project, 1929–1935, doctoral dissertation (New York City: Columbia University, 2002). Also see Ivana Dobrivojević, Državna represija u doba diktature kralja Aleksandra 1929–1935 (Belgrade: Institut za savremenu istoriju, 2006), pp. 105–134.
Emily Greble Balić, ‘When Croatia Needed Serbs: Nationalism and Genocide in Sarajevo, 1941–1942’, Slavic Review, vol. 68, no. 1 (Spring 2009), pp. 134–135.
Rasim Hurem, ‘Sporazumi o saradnji između državnih organa Nezavisne Države Hrvatske i nekih četničkih odreda u istočnoj Bosni 1942. god.’, Prilozi, Institut za istoriju radničkog pokreta Sarajevo, vol. II, no. 2 (Sarajevo 1966), p. 291.
O. Georgije, ‘Srpska pravoslavna crkva u tzv. Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj’, Srpska zastava, Jeka slobodnih srpskih planina, br. 5, Vidov-dan 28. juna 1944., pp. 12–14. A copy of this Chetnik newspaper can be found in: HDA, Dinarska četnička oblast (DČO), 16–21.
For more information on Sinčić see Tko je tko u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj, Hrvatska 1941.–1945. (Zagreb: Minerva, 1997), pp. 358–359.
Dragan S. Nenezić, Jugoslovenske oblasti pod Italijom 1941–1943. (Belgrade: Vojnoistorijski institut Vojske Jugoslavije, 1999), pp. 104–135.
Milan Pojić (ed.), Ratni dnevnik Josipa Hübla iz 1943. (Gospić Državni arhiv u Gospiću, 2002), pp. 30–31.
Miroslav Ujdurović, Biokovsko-neretvansko područje u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi i socijalističkoj revoluciji (Split: Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta Dalmacije, 1983), p. 246.
Vinko Branica, ‘Razoružanje talijanskih jedinica u Kninu, Zadru, Šibeniku i Dubrovniku i suradnja četnika’s njemačkim okupatorom’, in Zbornik Instituta za historiju radničkog pokreta Dalmacije, 3, Split 1975, pp. 630–642.
Narodnooslobodilačka borba u Dalmaciji 1941–1945., Zbornik dokumenata (Split: Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta Dalmacije, 1985), knjiga 9, studeniprosinac 1943. godine, dok. br. 222.
Bogdan Krizman, Ustaše i Treći Reich, vol. 1 (Zagreb: Globus, 1983), pp. 284–290.
Ibid., pp. 308–320.
Krizman, Ustaše i Treci Reich, vol. 1, pp. 336–339.
Jovo Popović, Marko Lolić, and Branko Latas, Pop izdaje (Zagreb: ROID Stvarnost, 1988), pp. 378–379.
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Barić, N. (2011). Relations between the Chetniks and the Authorities of the Independent State of Croatia, 1942–1945. In: Ramet, S.P., Listhaug, O. (eds) Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230347816_9
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