Abstract
In the period before 1945, Vojvodina had been an administrative unit only between 1849 and 1860, when Hungary’s autonomy had provisionally been abolished by the Habsburg Monarchy. Vojvodina consists of the county Bács-Bodrog (Bačka in Serbian, and also Bácska in Hungarian). At the end of 1918, Vojvodina was among those lands which were incorporated into the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (to be redesignated the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in October 1929); in 1941, Vojvodina reverted to Hungarian control. The lands along the river Mur at the Slovenian border had a population of about 184,000 in 1941 (of these about 12% were Hungarians); in the Baranya (Baranja in Serbian) triangle of 50,797 inhabitants 19.6% were Hungarians, 27.5% Germans, 19.6% Croats, and 11.9% Serbs (Table 4.1). In the following pages, I will use the term ‘Vojvodina’ for the county Bács-Bodrog (Bácska) and the Baranya triangle, both of which came under Serbian administration in 1944.
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Notes
Nyigri József, ‘A visszatért Délvidék nemzetiség képe’, in Csuka Zoltán (ed.), A visszatért Délvidék [The Returned Southern Land] (Budapest: Halász, 1941), p. 504.
A. Sajti Eniő, Délvidék 1941–1944 (Budapest: Akadémiai, 1989), p. 257, mentions 2,142 victims, referring to Serbian sources.
Ibid., p. 172.
Ibid., p. 169 quotes the report of Lieutenant László Horváth: ‘Panic is spreading among the troops, which is an equally unfounded Angst and trembling as it was with the Cossacks at the outbreak of the First World War. As it turned out, in the course of the panic the soldiers themselves had begun the shooting, or continued it, to the point that some units had to order new munitions from the corps commander.’
This concept was first used by Cornelia Brink, Ikonen der Vernichtung. Öffentlicher Gebrauch von Fotografien aus NS-Konzentrationslagern nach 1945 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1998).
Horthy-Magyarország részvétele Jugoszlávia megtámadásban és szétzúzásában [Horthy-Hungary’s Role in the Attack on Yugoslavia and the Dismantling of the Country] (Budapest: Akadémiai, 1985), p. 93; and Juhász Gyula, Pamlényi Ervin, Ránki György, and Tilkovszky Loránt (eds), A Wilhelmstrasse és Magyarország. Német diplomáciai iratok Magyarországról 1933–1944. [The Wilhelmstraße and Hungary: German Diplomatic Writings from Hungary 1933–1944], (Budapest: Kossuth, 1968), p. 581.
Karsai Elek, Fegyvertelenül álltak az aknamezőkön. Dokumentumok a munkaszolgálat történetéhez Magyarországon [Unarmed they Stood on Mine Fields: Documents on the History of Labour Service in Hungary] (Budapest: MIOK, 1962), pp. 369–371.
A. Sajti Enikő, Székely telepítés és nemzetiségpolitika Bácskában [The Settlement of the Székler and Nationality Politics in Bácska] (Budapest: Akadémiai, 1984).
Gombos György, A bukovinai székelyek hazatelepítése (Budapest: Magyar Külügyi Társaság Külügyi Könyvtár 5, 1942), p. 13.
Beránné Nemes Éva-Hollós Ervin, Megfigyelés alatt … Dokumentumok a horthysta titkosrendőrség működéséből 1920–1944 [Under Observation … Documents of Horthy’s Security Service 1920–1944] (Budapest: Akadémiai, 1977), p. 350; see also MOL K 149, 102 tétel, 340 csomó, melléklet.
Búzási János, Az ujvidéki ‘razzia’ [The ‘Raid’ of Újvidék] (Budapest: Kossuth, 1963).
‘Emlékeztető a bácskai vérengzés hadbírósági főítárgyalásáról’ [Memorandum on the Military Law Main Proceedings on the Massacre in Bácska], in Zsigmond László (ed.), Magyarország és a második világháború. Titkos diplomáciai okmányok a háború előzményeihez és történetéhez [Hungary and the Second World War: Secret Diplomatic Documents on the Prehistory and History of the War] (Budapest: Kossuth, 1961), Document no. 164., p. 421.
Alexander Kašaš, Mađari u Vojvodini 1941–1946 (Novi Sad: Filozofski Fakultet u Novom Sadu, Odsek za Istoriju, 1996), pp. 160–178.
A. Sajti Enikő, ‘Impériumváltás és a jugoszláv magyarellenes megtorlások a Délvidéken (1944–1945)’ [Power Change and Yugoslav Acts of Vengeance against the Hungarians in Vojvodina], in László Karsai and Judit Molnár (eds), Küzdelem az igazságért. Tanulmányok Randolph L. Braham 80. Születésnapjára (Budapest: MAZSIHISZ, 2002), p. 35.
Cited in Béla Pomogáts, ‘Cseres Tibor’, Kortárs, no. 11 (1968), p. 254.
Tibor Cseres, ‘A bezdáni ember’, Kortárs, no. 10 (1973), pp. 1741–1749.
Tibor Cseres, Vérbosszú Bácskában (Budapest: Magvető, 1991).
Quoted in Krisztián Ungváry, A második világháború. Nemzet és emlékezet [The Second World War: Nation and Memory] (Budapest: Osiris, 2006), p. 620.
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© 2011 Krisztián Ungváry
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Ungváry, K. (2011). Vojvodina under Hungarian Rule. In: Ramet, S.P., Listhaug, O. (eds) Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230347816_4
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