Abstract
Any illusions that Egyptians may have had about the stability of their democracy ended in the summer of 1930 with the appointment of Isma’il Sidqi to the prime ministership.1 While the period between 1923 and 1930 had hardly been ideal by nationalist standards, the following decade was a confirmation of all the limitations that existed on Egypt’s political freedom. In January 1930, the “new Wafd” of Mustapha al-Nahhas, who had succeeded Zaghlul in 1927, had scored an overwhelming electoral victory. However, King Fu’ad found in Isma’il Sidqi an ally against the Wafd; and he was appointed prime minister after the king exercised his prerogative to prorogue the parliament. The two men sponsored two changes to the Constitution, eliminating the clause that stated that the people (ummah) was the source of power and that the cabinet was answerable to Parliament. The changes were obviously designed to make elections less useful for the Wafd. The amended Constitution was enacted on October 22, 1930.
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Notes
‘Abbas al-‘Aqqad, in Mohi al-Din Rida. Abtal al-Wataniyya: Mustapha Kamil, Sa’ad Zaghlul, Mustafa Kemal, Mahatma Ghandi, Mudabbaja bi-Aqlam Uzuma Munshii Hadha al-Asr, (Cairo: Dar al-Rida, 1923), 6.
Charles D. Smith, “The ‘Crisis of Orientation’: The Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930’s,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (1973), 389–391.
James Jankowski, Egypt’s Young Rebels, (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1975), 5.
Salama Musa, The Education of Salama Musa, translated by L.O. Schuman, (Leiden: Brill, 1961), 78.
‘Ali Shalabi, Misr al-Fataa wa Dawruha fi al-Siyyasa al-Misriyyah, 1933–1941 (Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Jami’i, 1982), 55–56.
Ahmed Hussein, Imani wa Kutub Ukhra (Cairo: Dar al-Shaurouk, 1985), 54–61.
Fathi Radwan, al-Mahatma Ghandi: Hayatuhu wa Jihaduh, (Cairo: Matba’at al-Majalla al-Jadida, 1934), 5–6.
Fathi Ridwan, Asr wa Rijaal, Vol. 1, (Cairo: al-Haya al-‘Amma li-Qusur al-Thaqafa, 2003), 251.
Salama Musa, Ghandi wa al-Haraka al-Hindiyya, (Cairo: Maktabat al-Mustaqbal, reprint of 1934 edition).
Salama Musa, “Hayat Ghandi wa moutuh,” al-Katib al-Misri, Vol. 8 Issue 3 (March 1948).
Musa’s book, Haula Alimuni [These (men) taught me], 2nd ed. (Cairo: Dar al-Ma’arif, 1985), 207–217.
Muhammad Lutfi Goma’a, Hayat al-Sharq: Dulwaluhu wa Shaubuh wa Maadihu wa Hadiruhu. (Cairo: Dar Ihya’ al-Kutub al-‘Arabiyya, 1932).
Mrinalini Sinha, Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006).
Jawaharlal Nehru, Toward Freedom: The Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru (Boston: Beacon, 1967), 364.
Mustapha al-Nahhas, Muzakirat Mustapha al-Nahhas: Rub’ Qarn min al-Siyyasa fi Misr, 1927–1952. 2 Vol. Editor Ahmed ‘Izaddin (Cairo: Al’Usur al-Jadida, 2000), 117, 237–238, 324.
Rifat Saeed, Mustapha al-Nahhas al-Siyyasi wa al-Za’eem al-Munadel (Beirut: Dar al-Qadaya, 1976), 117.
Sonia Gandhi, ed., Freedom’s Daughter: Letters Between Indira Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru 1922–1939, (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1989), 408–409.
Salah al-Shahid, Zikrayati fi Ahdain (Cairo: Al-Haya Misriyya al-‘Amma lil Kitab, 1972), 53.
Ahmad Qasim Gouda, Marid min al-Sharq, (Cairo: Matba’at Jaridat al-Misri, 1950).
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© 2011 Noor-Aiman I. Khan
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Khan, NA.I. (2011). Gandhi: Hero of Egypt. In: Egyptian-Indian Nationalist Collaboration and the British Empire. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230339514_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230339514_6
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