Abstract
Sitting in the number 46 tram sometime in 1960 and passing through the intersection of Invalidenstrasse and Chausseestrasse just to the north of Unter den Linden, Monika Maron, the daughter of a prominent GDR (German Democratic Republic) minister and soon-to-be celebrated writer was momentarily overcome by swells of emotion for her native city. “Looking through the back window …at the hot asphalt on this ugly, war-damaged junction” she felt a rush “of disquiet and delight in equal measure.” Searching for words to describe her conflicted state, she realized “the only appropriate word is love.” Reminiscing about the event 40 years later, Maron remembered that all she wanted was “to lie down flat… with my arms out wide and embrace the street, the city.”1 Amidst the otherwise bleak descriptions of homely East Berlin neighborhoods (and the lingering image of a prostrate woman kissing the earth), two things jump off the page: the use of the affective register in describing her sense of belonging and the image of the still-broken streetscape in triggering such an intense emotional response. Not only is it curious that an otherwise banal act of traveling on a tram could bring on a host of associations, but the contemporary reader is certainly somewhat surprised at the suggestion that the dreary eastern portion of the city might actually inspire a profoundly pleasant memory from one of its citizens.2
The song of the city: light and serious, cocky and melancholy, beguiling and alienating all at the same time.
Georg Holmsten, Berliner Miniaturen. Großstadt Melodie, 1946
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Notes
Monika Maron, “Place of Birth: Berlin,” in Berlin Tales, trans. Lyn Marven (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 67.
Originally published in Monika Maron, Geburtsort Berlin (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 2003).
On the function of nostalgia in the former Eastern Bloc, see Svetlana Boym, The Future of Nostalgia (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
Nigel Thrift, Non-representational Theory: Space, Time, Affect (New York: Routledge, 2008), 87.
See Dorothy Rowe’s first chapter “The Rise of Berlin in Imperial Germany” for an excellent overview of this material in Representing Berlin: Sexuality and the City in Imperial and Weimar Germany. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003).
Andreas Killen, Berlin Electropolis: Shock, Nerves, and German Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
Patrice Petro, “After Shock/Between Boredom and History,” in Fugitive Images, ed. Patrice Petro (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 265.
Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).
Josef Goebbels, Kampf um Berlin I. Der Anfang (1926–1927) (Munich, 1937), 27.
Otto Friedrich, Before the Deluge: A Portrait of Berlin in the 1920s (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 8.
Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Technological Reproduction,” in Illuminations, ed. and intro. Hannah Arendt. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World 1968), 253–64.
Evgenii Bershtein, “The Withering Away of Private Life: Walter Benjamin in Moscow, “in Everyday Life in Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside, ed. Christina Kiaer and Eric Naiman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 220.
Walter Benjamin, Moscow Diary (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 73.
Humphrey Jennings in The Humphrey Jennings Film Reader, ed. Kevin Jackson. (Manchester: Carcanet, 1993), 103.
Monica Black, Death in Berlin From Weimar to Divided Germany (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Walter Benjamin, “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” in Illuminations, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken, 1969)
Georg Simmel, “The Metropolis and Modern Life,” in George Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms, ed. Donald N. Levine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971)
Raymond Williams has identified that structures of feeling can help us understand the social structures binding together certain identities and social formations. Since feelings are linked to milieu, space, and time, they are historical reflections of the elements at work in self-fashioning, positioning people in the choices they undertake. See Raymond Williams, “Structures of Feeling,” Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 128–35.
Stephen Muecke, “The Archaeology of Feeling,” The UTS Review 5.1 (1999): 1–5.
Joachim Schlör, Nights in the Big City. Paris — Berlin — London, 1840–1930 (London: Reaktion Books, 1998), 241.
David Frisby, “Deciphering the Hieroglyphics of Weimar Berlin: Siegfried Kracauer,” in Berlin: Culture and Metropolis, ed. Heidrun Suhr and Charles W. Haxthausen (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991), 152
Franz Hessel, Spazierien in Berlin (Munich: Rogner & Bernhard, 1968), 43
Mel Gordon, Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin (Port Townsend, WA: Feral House, 2000).
Curt Moreck, Führer durch das “lasterhafte” Berlin (Leipzig, 1931) (reprint Berlin 1987), 12.
Joseph Roth, “Berliner Vergnügungsindustrie (1930),” in Großstadt- Feuilletons, Vol. IV of Werke, ed. Hermann Kesten (Cologne and Amsterdam, 1976), 864, as cited in Schlör, Nights in the Big City, 279.
Klaud Herding and Hans-Ernst Mittig, Kunst und Alltag im NS-System: Albert Speers Berliner Straßenlaternen (Giess, 1975).
Hans Dieter Schäfer, Berlin im Zweiten Weltkreig. Der Untergang der Reichtshauptstadt in Augenzeugenberichten. (Munich: Piper, 1985).
Marko Paysan, “Zauber der Nacht,” in Bernd Poster, ed., Swing Heil: Jazz im Nationalsozialismus (Berlin, 1989), 76.
Martha Dodd, My Years in Germany (London: Victor Gollancz, 1939), 23.
Christopher Isherwood, Goodbye to Berlin (London: Hogarth Press, 1939), 460.
Thomas Wolfe, “I Have a Thing to Tell You,” New Republic 90, 1164 (March 24, 1937).
Howard Kingsbury Smith, Last Train From Berlin: An Eyewitness Account of Germany at War (New York: Knopf, 1942), 162.
Berlin in den Berichten ausländischer Reisender, 1933–1945,” in Weltfabrik Berlin: Eine Metropole als Sujet der Literatur, ed. Matthias Harder and Almut Hille (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2006), 156.
Matthias Menzel, Die Stadt ohne Tod. Berliner Tagebuch 1943/45 (Berlin, 1946), 93.
Theo Findahl, Undergang: Berlin 1939–1945 (Oslo: Aschehoug & Co, 1945), 102
Hans Dieter Schäfer, Berlin im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Der Untergang der Reichshauptstadt in Augenzeugenberichten (Munich: Piper, 1985), 227.
Eric D. Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 312.
Uta G. Poiger, “Fantasies of Universality? Neue Frauen, Race and Nation in Weimar and Nazi Germany,” in Modern Girl Around the World Research Project, ed. Alys Eve Weinbaum, Lynn M. Thomas, Priti Ramamurthy, Uta G. Poiger, & Madeleine Yue Dong, The Modern Girl Around the World (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008)
Poiger, “Fantasies of Universality?” 317–46. On the fashion industry, see Irene Guenther, Nazi Chic? Fashioning Women in the Third Reich (New York: Berg, 2004).
Wolfgang Schivelbusch, In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin, 1945–1948 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
Anthony Beevor in Revealed: Hitler’s Secret Bunkers, documentary directed by George Pagliaro, 2008. For more on the battle of Berlin
Beevor’s book Berlin: The Downfall 1945 (New York: Penguin Books, 2002).
Helmut Altner, Berlin Dance of Death (Staplehurst: Spellmount, 2002), 114.
Monica A. Black, “Reburying and Rebuilding: Reflecting on Proper Burial in Berlin after ‘Zero Hour,’ “in Between Mass Death and Individual Loss: The Place of the Dead in Twentieth-Century Germany, ed. Alon Confino, Paul Betts, and Dirk Schumann (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 69.
Albert Speer in Alan Balfour, Berlin: The Politics of Order 1737–1989 (New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 1990), 55.
For the British perspective on the refugee crisis, see especially Matthew James Frank, Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
Richard Brett-Smith, Berlin ‘45: The Grey City (London: Macmillan, 1966), 118.
Curt Riess, The Berlin Story (New York: the Dial Press, 1952), 16.
John J. Maginnis, Military Government Journal: Normandy to Berlin (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1971), 269, 344–5.
Isaac Deutscher, “Berlin — September 1945,” The Economist (September 29, 1945), reprinted in Reportagen aus Nachkriegsdeutschland, trans. Tamara Deutscher (Berlin: Junius, 1980), 114.
Werner Durth and Niels Gutschow, Träume in Trummern: Planungen zum Wiederaufbau zerstörter Städte im Westen Deutschlands, 1940–1950 (Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1988).
Jens Lachmund, “Exploring the City of Rubble: Botanical Fieldwork in Bombed Cities in Germany after World War II,” Osiris 18 (2003): 239.
Elke Sohn, Zum Begriff der Natur in Stadtkonzepten anhand der Beiträge von Hans Bernhard Reichow, Walter Schwagenscheidt und Hans Scharoun zum Wiederaufbau nach 1945 (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2008), 85.
Hildemar Scholz, Die Ruderalvegetation Berlins (Berlin: Freie Universität, 1956).
Cornel Schmidt, “‘Neues Leben aus Ruinen’: Trümmerflora,” Orion 5.3 (1950): 113.
Jens Lachmund, “Die kartographische Organisation biologischen Wissens. Eine Fallstudie zur Geschichte stadtökologischer Kartierungen von Berlin (West),” in Ganz normale Bilder: Zur visuellen Produktion von Selbstverständlichkeit, ed. David Gugerli and Barbara Orland (Zürich: Chronos, 2002), 85.
Paul Steege, Black Market, Cold War: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946–1949 (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 250.
Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (London: Blackwell, 1991).
For more on the history of privacy in the German Democratic Republic see Paul Betts, Within Walls: Private Life in the German Democratic Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) and “Manners, Morality and Civilization: Reflections on Post-1945 German Etiquette Books: Reflections on Post-1945 German Etiquette Book,” in Histories of the Aftermath: The Legacies of World War II in Comparative European Perspective, ed. Frank Biess and Robert Moeller (New York: Berghahn, 2009).
Wolfgang Bohleber, Mit Marshallplan Und Bundeshilfe. Wohnungsbaupolitik in Berlin 1945 Bis 1968 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1990)
Robert G. Wertheimer, “The Miracle of German Housing in the Postwar Period,” Land Economics 34.4 (1958): 338–45
Axel Schildt and Sywottek, “‘Reconstruction’ and ‘Modernization:’ West German Social History during the 1950s,” in West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Federal Republic of Germany, ed. Robert G. Moeller (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 413–44.
Dorothea von Schwanenflügel Lawson, Laughter Wasn’t Rationed. Remembering the War Years in Germany (Alexandria, VA: Tricor Press, 1999), 434.
Daniela Berghahn, Hollywood Behind the Wall: The Cinema of East Germany (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005)
Joshua Feinstein, The Triumph of the Ordinary: Depictions of Daily Life in the East German Cinema 1949–1989 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002)
Jennifer M. Kapczynsky, The German Patient: Crisis and Recovery in Postwar Culture (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008)
Anke Pinkert, Film and Memory in East Germany (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008).
Annette F. Timm, “The Legacy of Bevölkerungspolitik: Venereal Disease Control and Marriage Counselling in Post-WWII Berlin,” Canadian Journal of History/annals canadiennes d’histoire XXXIII (August 1998): 173–214.
John Borneman traces this phenomenon into the dwindling years of the Cold War. See John Borneman, Belonging in the Two Berlins: Kin, State, Nation (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Wilfred Byford-Jones, Berlin Twilight (New York: Hutchinson, 1947), 54
Jennifer V. Evans, “Bahnhof Boys: Policing Male Prostitution in Post-Nazi Berlin,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 12.4 (October 2003): 605–36.
Helmut Schelsky, Die Skeptische Generation: Eine Soziologie des deutschen Jugend (Düsseldorf: Eugen Diederichs, 1957).
Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schultze, Kurzfristige und langfristige Auswirkungen des II. Weltkriegs auf vollständige und unvollständige Familien. Ein Beitrag zum Wandel der Familie in Deutschland (Berlin: Institut für Soziologie der Technischen Universität Berlin, 1989).
Judy Barden, “Candy Bar Romance — Women of Germany,” in This Is Germany. A Report on Post War Germany by 21 Newspaper Correspondents, ed. Arthur Settel (New York: William Sloane Associates, 1950), 170.
Eric Rentschler, “The Place of Rubble in the Trümmerfilm,” in Julia Hell and Andreas Schönle, Ruins of Modernity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), 418–39.
Georg Holmsten, Berliner Miniaturen: Großstadtmelodie (Berlin: Deutsche Buchvertriebs- und Verlags-Gesellschaft, 1946), 13.
Norman Palmer, “Prostitution Alarms Germans,” Stars and Stripes 1.239 (December 5, 1945): 1.
Uta Falck, VEB Bordell: Geschichte der Prostitution in der DDR (Berlin: Ch Links Verlag, 1998).
Cited in Siegfried Heimann, “Das Uberleben organisieren: Berliner Jugend und Jugendbanden in der vierziger Jahren,” in Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt, ed., Vom Lagerfeuer zur Musikbox: Jugendkuulturen 1900–1960 (Berlin: Elefanten, 1985), 125–6
Hilde Thurnwald, Gegenwarts problem Berliner Familien: Eine soziologische Untersuchung von 498 Berliner Familien (Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1948).
In the GDR, see D. Müller-Hegemann, Moderne Nervosität (Berlin: Volk & Gesundheit, 1959)
W. Bretschneider, Sexuell aufklären rechtzeitig und richtig (Leipzig, Jena: Urania, 1956).
Hans Heinrich Muchow, Sexualreife und Sozialstruktur der Jugend (Reinbeck bei Hamburg, 1959), 27–70
Kurt Saller, Zivilisation und Sexualität (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1956).
Annette F. Timm’s book on the role of these health units and marriage counseling centers in Berlin, The Politics of Fertility in 20th Century Berlin (Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Jennifer V. Evans, “Constructing Borders: Image and Identity in Die Frau von Heute, 1946–1948,” in Conquering Women: Women and War in the German Cultural Imagination, ed. Hilary Sy-Quia and Susanne Baackmann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 30–61
Donna Harsch, Revenge of the Domestic: Women, the Family, and Communism in the German Democratic Republic (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 38
Norman Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (Cambridge, MA, 1997), 129, 135.
Maria Tatar, Lustmord: Sexual Murder in Weimar Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
“Remapping Berlin. A Modern Woman’s Guidebook to the City,” in Despina Stratigakos, A Women’s Berlin: Building the Modern City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 1–16.
On the issue of the sexual behavior of American forces in Germany, see Perry Biddiscombe, “Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948,” Journal of Social History 34.3 (2001): 611–47
Heide Fehrenbach, Race after Hitler: Black Occupation Children in Postwar Germany and America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007)
Petra Goedde, “From Villains to Victims: Fraternization and the Feminization of Germany 1945–47,” Diplomatic History 23.1 (Winter 1999): 1–20
Maria Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001)
Johannes Kleinschmidt, Do Not Fraternize: die schwierige Anfänge deutsch-amerikanische Freundschaft 1944–49 (Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1997)
John Willoughby, “Sexual Behavior of American GIs During the Early Years of the Occupation of Germany,” Journal of Military History 62 (January 1998): 155–74.
During times of conflict, public safety and the guarding of military supplies and installations fell under the jurisdiction of the G-5 division of the Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF) before being passed on to the postwar administrative agency of the US Forces, European Theater (USFET). Once the occupation of Germany was sorted out administratively, the portfolio on public safety was transferred to the Office of the Military Government of the United States (OMGUS) on October 1, 1945. From then on, the administration of military government activities in the zone, including initially control of German courts and German police, became the task of OMGUS and by October 1946 it acquired authority over public safety in general. Oliver J. Frederiksen, The American Military Occupation of Germany, 1945–1953 (Historical Division Headquarters, United States Army, Europe, 1953), 58.
Ellen Schlüchter, Pladoyer für den Erziehungsgedanken (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1994), 21.
Alfons Kenkmann, Wilde Jugend: Lebenswelt großstädtischer Jugendlicher zwischen Weltwirtschaftskrise, Nationalsozialismus und Währungsreform (Berlin: Klartext, 2002).
See volume 23 by W. Hammer entitled Zehn Lebensläufe Berliner Kontrollmädchen in the 50-volume Großstadt Dokumente (Big City Documents) published between 1905 and 1908 under the editorial eye of Hans Ostwald. This guide is discussed in Rowe, Representing Berlin, 98–108.
For the history of prostitution and Berlin’s demimonde, see Lynn Abrams, “Concubinage, Cohabitation and Law: Class and Gender Relations in Nineteenth-Century Germany,” Gender and History 5.1 (Spring 1993): 81–100
Richard J. Evans, Tales from the German Underworld (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998).
Julia Roos, Weimar through the Lens of Gender: Prostitution Reform, Woman’s Emancipation and German Democracy 1919–33 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010), as well as her articles “Backlash against Prostitutes” Rights: Origins and Dynamics of Nazi Prostitution Policies,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 11.1/2 (January/April 2002): 67–94.
Reprinted in Dagmar Herzog, ed., Sexuality and German Fascism (Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books, 2005)
John Borneman, Belonging in the Two Berlins: Kin, State, Nation, 161. Thomas Lindenberger, “Rowdies im Systemkonflikt. Geheime und öffentliche Bilder der Jugenddelinquenz im Staatssozialismus,” Jahrbuch für Jugendforschung (2005): 51–70.
Uta G. Poiger, Jazz, Rock, and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 210.
Claudia Puttkammer and Sacha Szabo, Gruß aus dem Luna-Park: Eine Archäologie des Vergnügens. Freizeit- und Vergnügungsparks Anfang des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts (Berlin: wvb Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2007).
Jennifer V. Evans, “Decriminalization, Seduction, and ‘Unnatural Desire’ in the German Democratic Republic,” Feminist Studies 36.3 (Fall 2010): 553–77
Günter Grau, “Im Auftrag der Partei: Versuch einer Reform der strafrechtlichen Bestimmungen zur Homosexualität in der DDR,” Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung 9. Jg (1996): 109–30.
Jörn Donner, Report from Berlin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961), 274.
Horst Claus, “Rebels With a Cause: The Development of the ‘Berlin-Filme’ by Gerhard Klein and Wolfgang Kohlhaase,” in DEFA: East German Cinema, 1946–1992, ed. Sean Allan and John Sandford (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999), 93–116
Elizabeth Heineman, “The Economic Miracle in the Bedroom: Big Business and Sexual Consumer Culture in Reconstruction West Germany,” Journal of Modern History 78.4 (2006): 846–77
Dagmar Herzog, Sex After Fascism: Memory and Morality in 20th Century Germany (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
Anke Pinkert makes the point that emotional and psychological breakdowns were typically cast as feminine, as emblems of weakness of constitution, mirroring some of the gender dynamics at work in GDR society at large. See Pinkert, Film and Memory in East Germany, 118–20. On the 1953 uprising in Berlin and in the countryside, see Andrew Port, Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Elmar Kraushaar, “Unzucht vor Gericht: Die ‘Frankfurter Prozesse’ und die Kontinuität des § 175 in den fünfziger Jahren,” in Hundert Jahre schwul: Eine Revue, ed. Elmar Kraushaar (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1997), 60–9.
William H. Conlan, Berlin: Beset and Bedevilled (Tinderbox of the World) (New York: Fountainhead Publishers, 1963), 29.
Klaus D. Wiek, Kurfürstendammund Champs-Elysees: Geographischer Vergleich zweier Weltstrassen — Gebiete (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1967), 43.
Anna Teut, “Eher kurios denn wirklich überzeugend,” Die Welt January 18, 1962
Ulrich Conrads, “Die neue Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche in Berlin,” Bauwelt 4.53 (1962): 95–8.
Franz Kain, Romeo und Julia an der Bernauer Strasse (Berlin: Aufbau Verlag, 1955), 21.
Rolf Schneider, “Als der Krieg zu Ende war,” in Heimkehr ins Leben: Berlin 1945–60 (Berlin: Aufbau Verlag, 2005), 131.
In fact, historians have begun to take issue with the notion that Walter Ulbricht was but a minor player in these deliberations. See Hope M. Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961 (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003).
Patrick Major, “The Berlin Wall Crisis: The View from Below,” History in Focus vol. 10 The Cold War (Spring 2006): http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/cold/articles/major.html (accessed Apr. 8, 2011).
Lynn Millar und Will McBride, Berlin und Die Berliner von Amerikanern Gesehen (West Berlin: Rembrandt-Verlag, 1958), 6, 8.
Edith Rimkus and Horst Beseler, Verliebt in Berlin: Ein Tagebuch in Bildern und Worten (Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben, 1958), 18–19.
Ulrich Domröse, Arno Fischer. Situation Berlin. Fotografien, Photographs, 1953–1960 (Berlin: Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, 2001), 24–8.
Hans Scholz and Chargesheimer, Berlin: Bilder aus einer Grossen Stadt (Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1959), inner sleeve.
Renate Gruber and L. Fritz Gruber, The Imaginary Photo Museum (New York: Harmony Books, 1982), 19.
Helmut Peitsch, “Das erzählte Berlin der 50er Jahre,” in Dragica Horvat, Eine Kulturemetropole wird geteilt: Literarisches Leben in Berlin (West) 1945 bis 1961. (Berlin, 1987), 67–86
Helmut Peitsch, “Von Ruinen und Erinnerung. Berlin-Topoi der Nachkreigsliteratur,” in Matthias Harder and Almut Hille, Weltfabrik Berlin: Eine Metropole als Sujet der Literatur (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2006), 181–204.
Franklin M. Davis, Come as a Conqueror: The United States Army’s Occupation of Germany, 1945–1949 (New York: Macmillan, 1967).
Frank Biess, “‘Everybody Has a Chance.’ Civil Defense, Nuclear Angst, and the History of Emotions in Postwar Germany,” German History 27.2 (2009): 215–43 and “Feelings in the Aftermath: Toward a History of Postwar Emotions,” in Histories of the Aftermath: The Legacies of the Second World War in European Perspective, ed. Frank Biess and Robert Moeller (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011).
Monika Maron, “Place of Birth: Berlin,” in Berlin Tales, trans. Lyn Marven (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 67.
Originally published in Monika Maron, Geburtsort Berlin (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 2003).
On the function of nostalgia in the former Eastern Bloc, see Svetlana Boym, The Future of Nostalgia (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
Nigel Thrift, Non-representational Theory: Space, Time, Affect (New York: Routledge, 2008), 87.
See Dorothy Rowe’s first chapter “The Rise of Berlin in Imperial Germany” for an excellent overview of this material in Representing Berlin: Sexuality and the City in Imperial and Weimar Germany. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003).
Andreas Killen, Berlin Electropolis: Shock, Nerves, and German Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
Patrice Petro, “After Shock/Between Boredom and History,” in Fugitive Images, ed. Patrice Petro (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 265.
Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).
Josef Goebbels, Kampf um Berlin I. Der Anfang (1926–1927) (Munich, 1937), 27.
Otto Friedrich, Before the Deluge: A Portrait of Berlin in the 1920s (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 8.
Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Technological Reproduction,” in Illuminations, ed. and intro. Hannah Arendt. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World 1968), 253–64.
Evgenii Bershtein, “The Withering Away of Private Life: Walter Benjamin in Moscow, “in Everyday Life in Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside, ed. Christina Kiaer and Eric Naiman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 220.
Walter Benjamin, Moscow Diary (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 73.
Humphrey Jennings in The Humphrey Jennings Film Reader, ed. Kevin Jackson. (Manchester: Carcanet, 1993), 103.
Monica Black, Death in Berlin From Weimar to Divided Germany (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Walter Benjamin, “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” in Illuminations, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken, 1969)
Georg Simmel, “The Metropolis and Modern Life,” in George Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms, ed. Donald N. Levine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971)
Raymond Williams has identified that structures of feeling can help us understand the social structures binding together certain identities and social formations. Since feelings are linked to milieu, space, and time, they are historical reflections of the elements at work in self-fashioning, positioning people in the choices they undertake. See Raymond Williams, “Structures of Feeling,” Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 128–35.
Stephen Muecke, “The Archaeology of Feeling,” The UTS Review 5.1 (1999): 1–5.
Joachim Schlör, Nights in the Big City. Paris — Berlin — London, 1840–1930 (London: Reaktion Books, 1998), 241.
David Frisby, “Deciphering the Hieroglyphics of Weimar Berlin: Siegfried Kracauer,” in Berlin: Culture and Metropolis, ed. Heidrun Suhr and Charles W. Haxthausen (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991), 152
Franz Hessel, Spazierien in Berlin (Munich: Rogner & Bernhard, 1968), 43
Mel Gordon, Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin (Port Townsend, WA: Feral House, 2000).
Curt Moreck, Führer durch das “lasterhafte” Berlin (Leipzig, 1931) (reprint Berlin 1987), 12.
Joseph Roth, “Berliner Vergnügungsindustrie (1930),” in Großstadt- Feuilletons, Vol. IV of Werke, ed. Hermann Kesten (Cologne and Amsterdam, 1976), 864, as cited in Schlör, Nights in the Big City, 279.
Klaud Herding and Hans-Ernst Mittig, Kunst und Alltag im NS-System: Albert Speers Berliner Straßenlaternen (Giess, 1975).
Hans Dieter Schäfer, Berlin im Zweiten Weltkreig. Der Untergang der Reichtshauptstadt in Augenzeugenberichten. (Munich: Piper, 1985).
Marko Paysan, “Zauber der Nacht,” in Bernd Poster, ed., Swing Heil: Jazz im Nationalsozialismus (Berlin, 1989), 76.
Martha Dodd, My Years in Germany (London: Victor Gollancz, 1939), 23.
Christopher Isherwood, Goodbye to Berlin (London: Hogarth Press, 1939), 460.
Thomas Wolfe, “I Have a Thing to Tell You,” New Republic 90, 1164 (March 24, 1937).
Howard Kingsbury Smith, Last Train From Berlin: An Eyewitness Account of Germany at War (New York: Knopf, 1942), 162.
Berlin in den Berichten ausländischer Reisender, 1933–1945,” in Weltfabrik Berlin: Eine Metropole als Sujet der Literatur, ed. Matthias Harder and Almut Hille (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2006), 156.
Matthias Menzel, Die Stadt ohne Tod. Berliner Tagebuch 1943/45 (Berlin, 1946), 93.
Theo Findahl, Undergang: Berlin 1939–1945 (Oslo: Aschehoug & Co, 1945), 102
Hans Dieter Schäfer, Berlin im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Der Untergang der Reichshauptstadt in Augenzeugenberichten (Munich: Piper, 1985), 227.
Eric D. Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 312.
Uta G. Poiger, “Fantasies of Universality? Neue Frauen, Race and Nation in Weimar and Nazi Germany,” in Modern Girl Around the World Research Project, ed. Alys Eve Weinbaum, Lynn M. Thomas, Priti Ramamurthy, Uta G. Poiger, & Madeleine Yue Dong, The Modern Girl Around the World (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008)
Poiger, “Fantasies of Universality?” 317–46. On the fashion industry, see Irene Guenther, Nazi Chic? Fashioning Women in the Third Reich (New York: Berg, 2004).
Wolfgang Schivelbusch, In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin, 1945–1948 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
Anthony Beevor in Revealed: Hitler’s Secret Bunkers, documentary directed by George Pagliaro, 2008. For more on the battle of Berlin
Beevor’s book Berlin: The Downfall 1945 (New York: Penguin Books, 2002).
Helmut Altner, Berlin Dance of Death (Staplehurst: Spellmount, 2002), 114.
Monica A. Black, “Reburying and Rebuilding: Reflecting on Proper Burial in Berlin after ‘Zero Hour,’ “in Between Mass Death and Individual Loss: The Place of the Dead in Twentieth-Century Germany, ed. Alon Confino, Paul Betts, and Dirk Schumann (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 69.
Albert Speer in Alan Balfour, Berlin: The Politics of Order 1737–1989 (New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 1990), 55.
For the British perspective on the refugee crisis, see especially Matthew James Frank, Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
Richard Brett-Smith, Berlin ‘45: The Grey City (London: Macmillan, 1966), 118.
Curt Riess, The Berlin Story (New York: the Dial Press, 1952), 16.
John J. Maginnis, Military Government Journal: Normandy to Berlin (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1971), 269, 344–5.
Isaac Deutscher, “Berlin — September 1945,” The Economist (September 29, 1945), reprinted in Reportagen aus Nachkriegsdeutschland, trans. Tamara Deutscher (Berlin: Junius, 1980), 114.
Werner Durth and Niels Gutschow, Träume in Trummern: Planungen zum Wiederaufbau zerstörter Städte im Westen Deutschlands, 1940–1950 (Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1988).
Jens Lachmund, “Exploring the City of Rubble: Botanical Fieldwork in Bombed Cities in Germany after World War II,” Osiris 18 (2003): 239.
Elke Sohn, Zum Begriff der Natur in Stadtkonzepten anhand der Beiträge von Hans Bernhard Reichow, Walter Schwagenscheidt und Hans Scharoun zum Wiederaufbau nach 1945 (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2008), 85.
Hildemar Scholz, Die Ruderalvegetation Berlins (Berlin: Freie Universität, 1956).
Cornel Schmidt, “‘Neues Leben aus Ruinen’: Trümmerflora,” Orion 5.3 (1950): 113.
Jens Lachmund, “Die kartographische Organisation biologischen Wissens. Eine Fallstudie zur Geschichte stadtökologischer Kartierungen von Berlin (West),” in Ganz normale Bilder: Zur visuellen Produktion von Selbstverständlichkeit, ed. David Gugerli and Barbara Orland (Zürich: Chronos, 2002), 85.
Paul Steege, Black Market, Cold War: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946–1949 (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 250.
Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (London: Blackwell, 1991).
For more on the history of privacy in the German Democratic Republic see Paul Betts, Within Walls: Private Life in the German Democratic Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) and “Manners, Morality and Civilization: Reflections on Post-1945 German Etiquette Books: Reflections on Post-1945 German Etiquette Book,” in Histories of the Aftermath: The Legacies of World War II in Comparative European Perspective, ed. Frank Biess and Robert Moeller (New York: Berghahn, 2009).
Wolfgang Bohleber, Mit Marshallplan Und Bundeshilfe. Wohnungsbaupolitik in Berlin 1945 Bis 1968 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1990)
Robert G. Wertheimer, “The Miracle of German Housing in the Postwar Period,” Land Economics 34.4 (1958): 338–45
Axel Schildt and Sywottek, “‘Reconstruction’ and ‘Modernization:’ West German Social History during the 1950s,” in West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Federal Republic of Germany, ed. Robert G. Moeller (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 413–44.
Dorothea von Schwanenflügel Lawson, Laughter Wasn’t Rationed. Remembering the War Years in Germany (Alexandria, VA: Tricor Press, 1999), 434.
Daniela Berghahn, Hollywood Behind the Wall: The Cinema of East Germany (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005)
Joshua Feinstein, The Triumph of the Ordinary: Depictions of Daily Life in the East German Cinema 1949–1989 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002)
Jennifer M. Kapczynsky, The German Patient: Crisis and Recovery in Postwar Culture (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008)
Anke Pinkert, Film and Memory in East Germany (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008).
Annette F. Timm, “The Legacy of Bevölkerungspolitik: Venereal Disease Control and Marriage Counselling in Post-WWII Berlin,” Canadian Journal of History/annals canadiennes d’histoire XXXIII (August 1998): 173–214.
John Borneman traces this phenomenon into the dwindling years of the Cold War. See John Borneman, Belonging in the Two Berlins: Kin, State, Nation (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Wilfred Byford-Jones, Berlin Twilight (New York: Hutchinson, 1947), 54
Jennifer V. Evans, “Bahnhof Boys: Policing Male Prostitution in Post-Nazi Berlin,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 12.4 (October 2003): 605–36.
Helmut Schelsky, Die Skeptische Generation: Eine Soziologie des deutschen Jugend (Düsseldorf: Eugen Diederichs, 1957).
Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schultze, Kurzfristige und langfristige Auswirkungen des II. Weltkriegs auf vollständige und unvollständige Familien. Ein Beitrag zum Wandel der Familie in Deutschland (Berlin: Institut für Soziologie der Technischen Universität Berlin, 1989).
Judy Barden, “Candy Bar Romance — Women of Germany,” in This Is Germany. A Report on Post War Germany by 21 Newspaper Correspondents, ed. Arthur Settel (New York: William Sloane Associates, 1950), 170.
Eric Rentschler, “The Place of Rubble in the Trümmerfilm,” in Julia Hell and Andreas Schönle, Ruins of Modernity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), 418–39.
Georg Holmsten, Berliner Miniaturen: Großstadtmelodie (Berlin: Deutsche Buchvertriebs- und Verlags-Gesellschaft, 1946), 13.
Norman Palmer, “Prostitution Alarms Germans,” Stars and Stripes 1.239 (December 5, 1945): 1.
Uta Falck, VEB Bordell: Geschichte der Prostitution in der DDR (Berlin: Ch Links Verlag, 1998).
Cited in Siegfried Heimann, “Das Uberleben organisieren: Berliner Jugend und Jugendbanden in der vierziger Jahren,” in Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt, ed., Vom Lagerfeuer zur Musikbox: Jugendkuulturen 1900–1960 (Berlin: Elefanten, 1985), 125–6
Hilde Thurnwald, Gegenwarts problem Berliner Familien: Eine soziologische Untersuchung von 498 Berliner Familien (Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1948).
In the GDR, see D. Müller-Hegemann, Moderne Nervosität (Berlin: Volk & Gesundheit, 1959)
W. Bretschneider, Sexuell aufklären rechtzeitig und richtig (Leipzig, Jena: Urania, 1956).
Hans Heinrich Muchow, Sexualreife und Sozialstruktur der Jugend (Reinbeck bei Hamburg, 1959), 27–70
Kurt Saller, Zivilisation und Sexualität (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1956).
Annette F. Timm’s book on the role of these health units and marriage counseling centers in Berlin, The Politics of Fertility in 20th Century Berlin (Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Jennifer V. Evans, “Constructing Borders: Image and Identity in Die Frau von Heute, 1946–1948,” in Conquering Women: Women and War in the German Cultural Imagination, ed. Hilary Sy-Quia and Susanne Baackmann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 30–61
Donna Harsch, Revenge of the Domestic: Women, the Family, and Communism in the German Democratic Republic (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 38
Norman Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (Cambridge, MA, 1997), 129, 135.
Maria Tatar, Lustmord: Sexual Murder in Weimar Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
“Remapping Berlin. A Modern Woman’s Guidebook to the City,” in Despina Stratigakos, A Women’s Berlin: Building the Modern City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 1–16.
On the issue of the sexual behavior of American forces in Germany, see Perry Biddiscombe, “Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948,” Journal of Social History 34.3 (2001): 611–47
Heide Fehrenbach, Race after Hitler: Black Occupation Children in Postwar Germany and America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007)
Petra Goedde, “From Villains to Victims: Fraternization and the Feminization of Germany 1945–47,” Diplomatic History 23.1 (Winter 1999): 1–20
Maria Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001)
Johannes Kleinschmidt, Do Not Fraternize: die schwierige Anfänge deutsch-amerikanische Freundschaft 1944–49 (Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1997)
John Willoughby, “Sexual Behavior of American GIs During the Early Years of the Occupation of Germany,” Journal of Military History 62 (January 1998): 155–74.
During times of conflict, public safety and the guarding of military supplies and installations fell under the jurisdiction of the G-5 division of the Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF) before being passed on to the postwar administrative agency of the US Forces, European Theater (USFET). Once the occupation of Germany was sorted out administratively, the portfolio on public safety was transferred to the Office of the Military Government of the United States (OMGUS) on October 1, 1945. From then on, the administration of military government activities in the zone, including initially control of German courts and German police, became the task of OMGUS and by October 1946 it acquired authority over public safety in general. Oliver J. Frederiksen, The American Military Occupation of Germany, 1945–1953 (Historical Division Headquarters, United States Army, Europe, 1953), 58.
Ellen Schlüchter, Pladoyer für den Erziehungsgedanken (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1994), 21.
Alfons Kenkmann, Wilde Jugend: Lebenswelt großstädtischer Jugendlicher zwischen Weltwirtschaftskrise, Nationalsozialismus und Währungsreform (Berlin: Klartext, 2002).
See volume 23 by W. Hammer entitled Zehn Lebensläufe Berliner Kontrollmädchen in the 50-volume Großstadt Dokumente (Big City Documents) published between 1905 and 1908 under the editorial eye of Hans Ostwald. This guide is discussed in Rowe, Representing Berlin, 98–108.
For the history of prostitution and Berlin’s demimonde, see Lynn Abrams, “Concubinage, Cohabitation and Law: Class and Gender Relations in Nineteenth-Century Germany,” Gender and History 5.1 (Spring 1993): 81–100
Richard J. Evans, Tales from the German Underworld (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998).
Julia Roos, Weimar through the Lens of Gender: Prostitution Reform, Woman’s Emancipation and German Democracy 1919–33 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010), as well as her articles “Backlash against Prostitutes” Rights: Origins and Dynamics of Nazi Prostitution Policies,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 11.1/2 (January/April 2002): 67–94.
Reprinted in Dagmar Herzog, ed., Sexuality and German Fascism (Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books, 2005)
John Borneman, Belonging in the Two Berlins: Kin, State, Nation, 161. Thomas Lindenberger, “Rowdies im Systemkonflikt. Geheime und öffentliche Bilder der Jugenddelinquenz im Staatssozialismus,” Jahrbuch für Jugendforschung (2005): 51–70.
Uta G. Poiger, Jazz, Rock, and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 210.
Claudia Puttkammer and Sacha Szabo, Gruß aus dem Luna-Park: Eine Archäologie des Vergnügens. Freizeit- und Vergnügungsparks Anfang des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts (Berlin: wvb Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2007).
Jennifer V. Evans, “Decriminalization, Seduction, and ‘Unnatural Desire’ in the German Democratic Republic,” Feminist Studies 36.3 (Fall 2010): 553–77
Günter Grau, “Im Auftrag der Partei: Versuch einer Reform der strafrechtlichen Bestimmungen zur Homosexualität in der DDR,” Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung 9. Jg (1996): 109–30.
Jörn Donner, Report from Berlin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961), 274.
Horst Claus, “Rebels With a Cause: The Development of the ‘Berlin-Filme’ by Gerhard Klein and Wolfgang Kohlhaase,” in DEFA: East German Cinema, 1946–1992, ed. Sean Allan and John Sandford (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999), 93–116
Elizabeth Heineman, “The Economic Miracle in the Bedroom: Big Business and Sexual Consumer Culture in Reconstruction West Germany,” Journal of Modern History 78.4 (2006): 846–77
Dagmar Herzog, Sex After Fascism: Memory and Morality in 20th Century Germany (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
Anke Pinkert makes the point that emotional and psychological breakdowns were typically cast as feminine, as emblems of weakness of constitution, mirroring some of the gender dynamics at work in GDR society at large. See Pinkert, Film and Memory in East Germany, 118–20. On the 1953 uprising in Berlin and in the countryside, see Andrew Port, Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Elmar Kraushaar, “Unzucht vor Gericht: Die ‘Frankfurter Prozesse’ und die Kontinuität des § 175 in den fünfziger Jahren,” in Hundert Jahre schwul: Eine Revue, ed. Elmar Kraushaar (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1997), 60–9.
William H. Conlan, Berlin: Beset and Bedevilled (Tinderbox of the World) (New York: Fountainhead Publishers, 1963), 29.
Klaus D. Wiek, Kurfürstendammund Champs-Elysees: Geographischer Vergleich zweier Weltstrassen — Gebiete (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1967), 43.
Anna Teut, “Eher kurios denn wirklich überzeugend,” Die Welt January 18, 1962
Ulrich Conrads, “Die neue Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche in Berlin,” Bauwelt 4.53 (1962): 95–8.
Franz Kain, Romeo und Julia an der Bernauer Strasse (Berlin: Aufbau Verlag, 1955), 21.
Rolf Schneider, “Als der Krieg zu Ende war,” in Heimkehr ins Leben: Berlin 1945–60 (Berlin: Aufbau Verlag, 2005), 131.
In fact, historians have begun to take issue with the notion that Walter Ulbricht was but a minor player in these deliberations. See Hope M. Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961 (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003).
Patrick Major, “The Berlin Wall Crisis: The View from Below,” History in Focus vol. 10 The Cold War (Spring 2006): http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/cold/articles/major.html (accessed Apr. 8, 2011).
Lynn Millar und Will McBride, Berlin und Die Berliner von Amerikanern Gesehen (West Berlin: Rembrandt-Verlag, 1958), 6, 8.
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Renate Gruber and L. Fritz Gruber, The Imaginary Photo Museum (New York: Harmony Books, 1982), 19.
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Franklin M. Davis, Come as a Conqueror: The United States Army’s Occupation of Germany, 1945–1949 (New York: Macmillan, 1967).
Frank Biess, “‘Everybody Has a Chance.’ Civil Defense, Nuclear Angst, and the History of Emotions in Postwar Germany,” German History 27.2 (2009): 215–43 and “Feelings in the Aftermath: Toward a History of Postwar Emotions,” in Histories of the Aftermath: The Legacies of the Second World War in European Perspective, ed. Frank Biess and Robert Moeller (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011).
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Evans, J.V. (2011). The Street. In: Life among the Ruins. Genders and Sexualities in History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230316652_3
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