Abstract
Throughout history, humiliation has always functioned as the essence of punishment. In the ‘official’ legal sphere during the early modern period and beyond, shaming mechanisms were used in abundance to penalise offenders. In particular we should call to mind instances of the gallows march and dying speech, the branding of petty criminals, the use of the pillory, or the whipping of convicts at appointed stations through a given community.1 All of these judicial-based punishments involved the spectacle of public shame in order to render the criminal penitent, to deter any like-minded contemporaries from criminal activity, and, of course, to reinforce the power of the judicial authorities of the day.
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V.A.C. Gatrell (1994) The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People, 1770–1868 ( Oxford: Oxford University Press );
D. Garland (1985) Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies ( Aldershot: Gower);
R. McGowen (1986) ‘A Powerful Sympathy: Terror, The Prison, and Humanitarian Reform in Early Nineteenth Century Britain’, Journal of British Studies, 25, 3, pp. 312–34;
R. McGowen (1987) ‘The Body and Punishment in Eighteenth Century England’, Journal of Modern History, 59, pp. 651–79;
R. McGowen (1999) ‘From Pillory to Gallows: The Punishment of Forgery in the Age of the Financial Revolution’, Past and Present, 165, pp. 107–40
G. Ryley Scott (1968) Flagellation: A History of Corporal Punishment in Its Historical, Anthropological and Sociological Aspects ( London: Tallis P.).
For further discussion of the nature and extent of ‘charivari’ see E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common (London: Penguin), pp. 467–538.
John Webster ( 2009, new edition) The Duchess of Malfi ( Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks )
Thomas Hardy ( 2007, new edition) The Mayor of Casterbridge ( London: Penguin). For further discussion of the relationship between drama and the type of community rituals referred to in this chapter
J.J. MacAloon (1984) Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsals Toward a Theory of Cultural Performance ( Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Institute for the Study of Human Issues), especially Part I.
M. Ingram (1984) ‘Ridings, Rough Music and the “Reform of Popular Culture” in Early Modern England’, Past and Present, 105, p. 81.
For further discussion see for instance N. Zemon Davis (1971) ‘The Reasons of Misrule: Youth Groups and Charivaris in Sixteenth-Century France’, Past and Present, 50, pp. 41–75.
For further discussion see for instance L.T. Johnson (1990) ‘Charivari/Shivaree: A European Folk Ritual on American Plains’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20, 3, pp. 371–87
M. McKnight (2005) ‘Charivaris, Cowbellions and Sheet Iron Bands: Nineteenth-Century Rough Music in New Orleans’, American Music, 23, 4, pp. 407–25.
For further discussion see S.P. Frank (1987) ‘Popular Justice and Culture among the Russian Peasantry, 1870–1900’, Russian Review, 46, 3, pp. 239–65.
For further discussion see for instance E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, pp. 467–538;
E.P. Thompson (1992) ‘Rough Music Reconsidered’, Folklore, 103, 1, pp. 3–26;
M. Ingram (1984) ‘Ridings, Rough Music and the “Reform of Popular Culture”’, pp. 79–113
M. Ingram (1995) ‘“Scolding Women Cucked or Washed”: A Crisis in Gender Relations in Early Modern England’, in J. Kermode and G. Walker (eds) Women, Crime and the Courts in Early Modern England ( Chapel Hill, North Carolina and London: The University of North Carolina Press ), pp. 48–80.
E.P. Thompson (1992) ‘Rough Music Reconsidered’, p. 3.
E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, p. 469.
P.M. Gorsky (1994) ‘James Tuckfield’s “Ride”: Combination and Social Drama in Early Nineteenth-Century Bristol’, Social History, 19, 3, pp. 319–38.
For further discussion of the types of ‘offences’ or ‘bad behaviour’ that could result in instances of ‘rough music’ see E.P. Thompson (1992) ‘Rough Music Reconsidered’, especially pp. 10–17;
M. Ingram (1984) ‘Ridings, Rough Music and the “Reform of Popular Culture”’, pp. 87–92;
V. Alford (1959) ‘Rough Music or Charivari’, Folklore, 70, pp. 506–7;
D. Rollinson (1981) ‘Property, Ideology and Popular Culture in a Gloucestershire Village, 1660–1740’, Past and Present, 93, pp. 70–97;
J.R. Kent (1983) ‘“Folk Justice” and Royal Justice in Early Seventeenth-Century England: A “Charivari” in the Midlands’, Midland History, 8, pp. 70–85;
D.E. Underdown (1985) ‘The Taming of the Scold: The Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England’, in A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson (eds) Order and Disorder in Early Modern England ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ), pp. 116–36.
D.E. Underdown (1985) ‘The Taming of the Scold’, p. 117. For further discussion see also
J.A. Sharpe (1986) ‘Plebeian Marriage in Stuart England: Some Evidence from Popular Literature’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 36, pp. 69–90.
For further discussion see D.E. Underdown (1985) ‘The Taming of the Scold’, pp. 110–21
L.E. Boose (1991) ‘Scolding Brides and Bridling Scolds: Taming the Woman’s Unruly Member’, Shakespeare Quarterly, 42, 4, p. 195.
For further discussion and elaboration see S. Forsdkye (2008) ‘Street Theatre and Popular Justice in Ancient Greece: Shaming, Stoning and Starving Offenders Inside and Outside the Courts’, Past and Present, 201, pp. 3–50 and pp. 19–20 in particular.
For further discussion see for instance E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, p. 478
J.R. Kent (1983) ‘“Folk Justice” and Royal Justice in Early Seventeenth-Century England’, p. 74.
See E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, p. 482.
V. Alford (1959) ‘Rough Music or Charivari’, p. 505.
For further discussion see E.P. Thompson (1992) ‘Rough Music Reconsidered’, p. 10.
For further discussion and examples see M. Ingram (1984) ‘Ridings, Rough Music and the “Reform of Popular Culture”’, pp. 104–13.
M. Robinson (1985) (ed.) The Concise Scots Dictionary ( Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press ), p. 61.
See L.E. Boose (1991) ‘Scolding Brides and Bridling Scolds’, pp. 196–7.
R. Renwick, Sir J. Lindsay and G. Eyre-Todd (1931) History of Glasgow: Volume II–From The Reformation to the Revolution, Chapter XVI–Life in the Burgh in the Reign of James VI (Glasgow: Jackson, Wylie and Co. ), p. 161.
E.J. Guthrie (1994) Old Scottish Customs: Local and General ( London and Glasgow: Llanerch Publishers ), p. 53.
D. Wilson (1851) The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland ( Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox ), pp. 692–94;
D. Wilson (1863) Prehistoric Annals of Scotland ( London and Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. ), p. 520;
T.N. Brushfield (1864) ‘On Obsolete Punishments: Part I’, pp. 33–48;
L.E. Boose (1991) ‘Scolding Brides and Bridling Scolds’, pp. 205–10
W. Andrews (1991) Old Time Punishments, pp. 38–64.
M. Ingram (1995) ‘“Scolding Women Cucked or Washed”’, p. 58. But see also evidence in Chapter 8 of this book that may qualify this.
T.N. Brushfield (1864) ‘On Obsolete Punishments: Part I’, p. 36 and p. 46 respectively.
See J.G. Harrison (1998) ‘Women and the Branks in Stirling’, p. 114.
See for instance M. Ingram (1995) ‘“Scolding Women Cucked or Washed”’, pp. 61–2.
E.J. Guthrie (1994) Old Scottish Customs, p. 53.
See J.G. Harrison (1998) ‘Women and the Branks in Stirling’, p. 118.
For further discussion see A-M. Kilday (2007) Women and Violent Crime in Enlightenment Scotland ( Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press ), pp. 147–57.
See for instance the discussion in E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, pp. 467–72.
For further discussion see especially D.E. Underdown (1985) ‘The Taming of the Scold’, p. 127 and p. 134.
For further description of the process see M. Ingram (1984) ‘Ridings, Rough Music and the “Reform of Popular Culture”’, p. 86;
E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, pp. 469–77;
B.H. Cunnington (1930) ‘“A Skimmington” in 1618’, Folklore, 41, 3, pp. 287–90
D.G.C. Allan (1952) ‘The Rising in the West, 1628–1631’, The Economic History Review, 5, 1, p. 76.
See for example the description in E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, pp. 469–77
M. Ingram (1984) ‘Ridings, Rough Music and the “Reform of Popular Culture”’, p. 102.
For further discussion see V. Alford (1959) ‘Rough Music or Charivari’, p. 507.
For further discussion see R. Mellinkoff (1973) ‘Riding Backwards: Theme of Humiliation and Symbol of Evil’, Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 4, pp. 153–76.
For further discussion on the impact of this type of punishment upon its victims see E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, p. 488
A. Fletcher (1994) ‘Men’s Dilemma: The Future of Patriarchy in England 1560–1660’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, 4, pp. 77–8.
See for instance J.R. Kent (1983) ‘“Folk Justice” and Royal Justice in Early Seventeenth-Century England’, p. 74.
For further discussion and elaboration of the process of ‘riding the stang’ see E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, pp. 471–5;
E.C. Cawte (1963) ‘Parsons Who Rode the Stang’, Folklore, 74, 2, p. 399;
W. Andrews (1991) Old Time Punishments, pp. 180–8;
E.W. Pettifer (1992 reprint) Punishments of Former Days (Winchester: Waterside Press), pp. 169–70 and for a detailed example see
R. De Bruce Trotter (1901) Galloway Gossip or the Southern Albanich: 80 Years Ago (Dumfries: Courier and Herald), pp. 439–43 [Bodleian Library: 27005 e.19].
For further discussion and detail on the process of ‘Ceffyl Pren’ see E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, p. 471 and pp. 520–4 and especially
S. Carter Hall (1860) Tenby: Its History, Antiquities, Scenery, Traditions and Customs (Tenby: Mason), pp. 137–41 [National Library of Wales (NLW): Dyb2005A978];
C. Redwood (1839) History of the Vale of Glamorgan: Scenes and Tales among the Welsh (London: Saunders and Otley), pp. 271–95 [NLW: Wb3403]
R.A.N. Jones (1991) ‘Women, Community and Collective Action: The “Ceffyl Pren” Tradition’, in A.V. John (ed.) Our Mother’s Land: Chapters in Welsh Women’s History, 1830–1939 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press), pp. 17–41. We are very grateful to Dr Katherine Watson for providing us with the latter reference.
E.P. Thompson (1992) ‘Rough Music Reconsidered’, especially pp. 11–18;
E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, pp. 493–530;
M. Ingram (1984) ‘Ridings, Rough Music and the “Reform of Popular Culture”’, p. 87 and pp. 89–92;
D.E. Underdown (1985) ‘The Taming of the Scold’, p. 132
V. Alford (1959) ‘Rough Music or Charivari’, p. 506.
For further discussion see D.E. Underdown (1985) ‘The Taming of the Scold’, p. 131
E.P. Thompson (1992) ‘Rough Music Reconsidered’, especially pp. 7–8.
E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, pp. 467–538.
See V. Alford (1959) ‘Rough Music or Charivari’, p. 508.
See E.P. Thompson (1991) Customs in Common, p. 530.
E.P. Thompson (1992) ‘Rough Music Reconsidered’, p. 8;
V. Alford (1959) ‘Rough Music or Charivari’, p. 507 and p. 511
M. Ingram (1984) ‘Ridings, Rough Music and the “Reform of Popular Culture”’, p. 93.
See J.G. Harrison (1998) ‘Women and the Branks in Stirling’, p. 118 and p. 130 note 8.
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© 2010 David Nash and Anne-Marie Kilday
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Nash, D., Kilday, AM. (2010). Private Passions and Public Penance: Popular Shaming Rituals in Pre-Modern Britain. In: Cultures of Shame. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230309098_2
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