Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Skill Formation through Education and Training: A Comparison of China and India

  • Chapter
Industrial Dynamics in China and India

Part of the book series: IDE-JETRO Series ((IDE))

Abstract

Human capital is considered one of the most important sources of economic growth (Lucas 1988; Romer 1986). Many empirical studies found a positive association between the quantity of education and economic growth (Barro 1991; Benhabib and Spiegel 1994). Quality of education also matters (Hanushek and Kimko 2000). Not only average skill level, but also the pattern of skill distribution in the economy affects its industrial comparative advantage (Bombardini et al. 2009; Grossman 2004; Grossman and Maggi 2000). Examining quantity, quality, and distribution of skills and the mechanisms of how these skills are generated in an economy has important implications for understanding the path of economic development in the past and the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Acharya, Alka, Rama V. Basu and Geetha B. Nambissan, 2001, “The State and Human Development: Health and Education”, in G. P. Deshpande and Alka Acharya, eds., 50 Years of India, China: Crossing a Bridge of Dreams, New Delhi: Tulika.

    Google Scholar 

  • ACMR — All China Marketing Research Co., China Data Online.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, Manzoor, Cheng Kai Ming, A. K. Jalaluddin, and K. Ramachandran, 1991, Basic Education and National Development: Lessons from China and India, New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

    Google Scholar 

  • Asuyama, Yoko, 2008, “Changes in the Causes of Earnings Inequality in Urban China from 1988 to 2002”, IDE Discussion Paper, 176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azam, Mehtabul, 2009, “Changes in Wage Structure in Urban India 1983–2004: A Quantile Regression Decomposition”, IZA Discussion Paper, 3963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barro, Robert J., 1991, “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106–2, 407–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benhabib, Jess and Spiegel, Mark M., 1994, “The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development: Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 34–2, 143–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Besley, Timothy and Robin Burgess, 2004, “Can Labor Regulation Hinder Economic Performance?: Evidence from India”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119–21, 91–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjea, Aditya, 2009, “The Effects of Employment Protection Legislation on Indian Manufacturing”, Economic & Political Weekly, XLIV(22), pp. 55–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bombardini, Matilde, Giovanni Gallipoli, and German Pupato, 2009, “Skill Dispersion and Trade Flows”, NBER Working Paper, 15097.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, Fang, 2005, “Vocational and Enterprise Training in China: Policy, Practice and Prospect”, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 10(1), pp. 26–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch, Colin, 2005, “Skill formation Systems”, in Stephen Ackroyd, Rosemary Batt, Paul Thompson and Pamela S. Tolbert, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Work and Organization, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • CSO — Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of India — 2006, “Selected Socio-Economic Statistics India 2006”.

    Google Scholar 

  • CSO — Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of India — 2008, “Economic Census 2005: All India Report”, New Delhi, CSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • DGE&T — Directorate General of Employment & Training 2006, “Employment Exchange Statistics 2006”, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • DGE&T — Directorate General of Employment & Training 2007a, “Quarterly Employment Review: January–March 2005”, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • DGE&T — Directorate General of Employment & Training 2007b, “Trade Apprenticeship Training in India — As on March 31, 2004 — Under Apprenticeship Training Scheme”, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • DGE&T — Directorate General of Employment & Training 2007c, “Vocational Training Improvement Project of Government of India: Project Implementation Plan”.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Weili and Steven Lehrer, 2007, “Incentives and the Quality of Teachers and Schools”, in Emily Hannum and Albert Park, eds., Education and Reform in China, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, Puja Vasudeva, 2005, “Accounting for Wage Inequality in India”, PRUS Working Paper, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • EFA — Education for All India, http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page48.html. Accessed February 25, 2009.

  • Ghose, Ajit K., 2004, “The Employment Challenge in India”, Economic and Political Weekly, November 27, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, Gene M., 2004, “The Distribution of Talent and the Pattern and Consequences of International Trade”, Journal of Political Economy, 112(1), pp. 209–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, Gene M. and Giovanni Maggi, 2000, “Diversity and Trade”, The American Economic Review, 90(5), pp. 1255–1275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannum, Emily, 1999, “Political Change and the Urban-Rural Gap in Basic Education in China, 1949–1990”, Comparative Education Review, 43(2), pp. 193–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanushek, Eric and Dennis D. Kimko, 2000, “Schooling, Labor-Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations”, American Economic Review, 90(5), pp. 1184–1208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IAMR — Institute of Applied Manpower Research, 2006, Manpower Profile India Yearbook 2005, New Delhi: New Age International.

    Google Scholar 

  • ILO — International Labour Organization, 2003, “Industrial Training Institutes of India: The Efficiency Study Report”, New Delhi: ILO Subregional Office for South Asia.

    Google Scholar 

  • ILO — International Labour Organization, 2007, Key Indicators of the Labour Market — KILM, 5th edition. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/kilm/index.htm. Accessed February 25, 2009.

  • Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi, 2007, “The Progress of School Education in India”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(2), pp. 168–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingdon, Geeta and Mohd Muzammil, 2009, “A Political Economy of Education in India: The Case of Uttar Pradesh”, Oxford Development Studies, 37(2), pp. 123–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohara, Yuki, 2004, “Indo no Kyoiku [Education in India]”, in Tanaka, Keijiro, ed., Hikaku Kyoiku-gaku no Kiso [Basics of Comparative Education Studies], Kyoto: Nakanishiya Shuppan (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, Michael, Nazmul Chaudhury, F. Halsey Rogers, Karthik Muralidharan and Jeffrey Hammer, 2005, “Teacher Absence in India: A Snapshot”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 3 (2–3), pp. 658–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuruvilla, Sarosh, Christopher L. Erickson and Alvin Hwang, 2002, “An Assessment of the Singapore Skills Development System: Does it Constitute a Viable Model for Other Developing Countries?”, World Development, 30(8), pp. 1461–1476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Jing, 1993, Education in Post-Mao China, Westport: CT, Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Wenjun, 2004, Chugoku no Shokugyo-kyoiku Kakudai Seisaku: Haikei, Jitsugen-katei, Kiketsu [Expansion of Vocational Education in China: Backgrounds, Policies and Consequences], Tokyo: Toshindo (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, Robert, E., 1988, “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), pp. 3–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrotra, Santosh, 2006, “Reforming Elementary Education in India: A Menu of Options”, International Journal of Educational Development, 26, pp. 261–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MEXT — Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 2006, Shogaikoku no Kyoin [Teachers in Six Countries: USA, United Kingdom, France, Germany, China, Republic of Korea], Tokyo: National Printing Bureau (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • MHRD — Ministry of Human Resource Development, 1995, Budgetary Resources for Education — 1951–52 to 1993–94, http://education.nic.in/cd50years/g/6D/7F/Toc.htm. Accessed February 25, 2009.

  • MHRD — Ministry of Human Resource Development, 2008a, “Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education 2005–06 to 2007–08”.

    Google Scholar 

  • MHRD — Ministry of Human Resource Development, 2008b, “Selected Educational Statistics, 2005–06”.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minami, Ryoshin, Fumio Makino and Huan-zhen Luo, 2008, Chugoku no Kyoiku to Keizai-hatten [Education and Economic Development in China], Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Inc (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • MLE — Ministry of Labour & Employment, “Annual Report”, various years.

    Google Scholar 

  • MLSS — Ministry of Labour and Social Security, 2002, “Skill Training in the Informal Sector in China”.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, Romio, 2007, “Chugoku ni okeru Syugyo-ido Sokushin Seisaku to Shokugyo-kunren System no Genjo [Current Situation of Economic Migrant Promotion Policies and Vocational Training System in China]”, in Mitsuhide Shiraki, ed., Kaigai Hito-zukuri Handbook: Chugoku III [Handbook of Human Resource Development Abroad: China III], Chiba: Overseas Vocational Training Association (OVTA) (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, Shuzo, 2006, “Indo no Shoto-kyoiku no Hattenn to Kongo no Kadai [Development of Primary Education in India and the Challenges that Remain]”, Ritsumeikan Kokusai Chiiki Kenkyu, 24, pp. 11–33 (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • NBS — National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press, various years.

    Google Scholar 

  • NBS — National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2007, 2005 National 1% Population Sample Survey, Beijing: China Statistics Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • NBS — National Bureau of Statistics of China — and MLSS — Ministry of Labour and Social Security — China Labour Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press, various years.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishioka, Yumi, 2005, “Chugoku ni okeru Shokugyo-kunren Seisaku [Vocational Training Policies in China]”, in Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training (JILPT), ed., Ajia-shokoku ni okeru Shokugo-kunren Seisaku: Jakunen-so wo Chushin ni [Vocational Training Policies in Asian Countries: With a Focus on the Youth] (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • NSSO — National Sample Survey Organization, 2006, “Employment and Unemployment Situation in India 2004–05”.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD — Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2007, “Labour Markets in the BRICs — Brazil, the Russian Federation, India and China”.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada, Aya, 2008, “Indo: Kyusoku-na Keizai-hattenn to Kaiso-ka sareta Rodo-shijo heno TVET no Taio [India: TVET Coping with a Rapid Economic Development and Hierarchical Labor Market]”, in Aya Okada, Shoko Yamada and Kazuhiro Yoshida, eds., Sangyo Skill Development: Global-ka to Tojokoku no Jinzai-ikusei [Industrial Skill Development: Globalization and Human Resource Development in Developing Countries], Tokyo: Nippon-Hyoron-sha (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Planning Commission, Government of India, 2008, Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007–2012, Volume 1 and 2, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • PROBE — PROBE Team in association with Centre for Development Economics, 1999, Public Report on Basic Education in India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romer, Paul, 1986, “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), pp. 1002–1036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram, K., 2007, “Employment and Poverty in India, 2000–2005”, Economic and Political Weekly, July 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilak Jandhyala, B. G., 2003, “Public Expenditure on Education in India: A Review of Trends and Emerging Issues”, in B. G. Tilak Jandhyala, ed., Financing Education in India, New Delhi: National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchikawa, Shuji, 2003, “Employment in the Manufacturing Organized Sector”, in Shuji Uchikawa, ed., Labour Market and Institution in India: 1990s and Beyond, New Delhi: Manohar.

    Google Scholar 

  • UGC — University Grants Commission, “Annual Report 2005–2006”.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO-IBE — United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, International Bureau of Education, 2006a, “World Data on Education 6th Edition: China, Updated Version, October 2006”.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO-IBE — United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, International Bureau of Education — 2006b, “World Data on Education 6th Edition: India, Revised Version, November 2006”.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank, 2008, “Skill Development in India: The Vocational Education and Training System”.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank, 2009, “Secondary Education in India: Universalizing Opportunity”.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, Mami, 2007, “Nairiku Chugoku ni okeru Dekasegi Rodosha no Shokugyo-kunren [Vocational Training of Migrant Workers in Inland China]”, in Mitsuhide Shiraki, ed., Kaigai Hito-zukuri Handbook: Chugoku III [Handbook of Human Resource Development Abroad: China III], Chiba: Overseas Vocational Training Association (OVTA) (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, Ding, 2008a, “Chugoku: Tagen-ka, Kodo-ka, Shijo-ka he, Gendai Chugoku ni okeru Sangyo Skill Development [China: Towards Diversification, Sophistication, and Marketization: Industrial Skill Development in Modern China]”, in Aya Okada, Shoko Yamada, and Kazuhiro Yoshida, eds., Sangyo Skill Development: Global-ka to Tojokoku no Jinzai-ikusei [Industrial Skill Development: Globalization and Human Resource Development in Developing Countries], Tokyo: Nippon-Hyoron-sha (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, Ding, 2008b, “Gendai Chugoku no Chuto-shokugyo-kyoiku: Shijo-keizai Iko-ki ni okeru Gijutsu-rodosya-gakko no Henyo [Secondary Vocational Education in China: Changes in Skilled Workers Schools under the Transitional Economy]”, Nagoya, V2-Solution (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, Shanping, 2008, “Shanghai-shi ni okeru Niju-rodo-shijo no Jissho-kenkyu [An Empirical Analysis on the Dual Labor Market in Urban China: The Case of Shanghai]”, Ajia Keizai, 48(1), pp. 1–24 (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuag, Ming-shui, 2001, “50 nen no Rekitei [50-year Historical Path]”, in Reiitsu Kojima, and Xin-pey Zheng, eds., Chugoku Kyoiku no Hatten to Mujun [Development and Contradictions of Chinese Education], Tokyo: Ochanomizu Shobo (Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Yoko Asuyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ryukoku University, Japan

    Moriki Ohara (Associate Professor) (Associate Professor)

  2. Madras Institute of Development Studies, India

    M. Vijayabaskar (Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)

  3. Shandong Institute for East-Asia Studies, China

    Hong Lin (Director) (Director)

Copyright information

© 2011 Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), JETRO

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Asuyama, Y. (2011). Skill Formation through Education and Training: A Comparison of China and India. In: Ohara, M., Vijayabaskar, M., Lin, H. (eds) Industrial Dynamics in China and India. IDE-JETRO Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230308305_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation