Abstract
Chiefs, in academic literature often addressed as neo-traditional chiefs, traditional authorities, or intermediaries of power, have been popular topics of research among social anthropologists, political scientists, and sociologists, and perhaps to a lesser extent also among historians since the 1990s.1 One might wonder justifiably why they have stirred such interest among social scientists. It may be because of their ambiguous and almost paradoxical stand within a modern setting, as chiefs are legitimized through ancient genealogies, networks of patronage, and accumulation of power and often of property. Yet many still see them as essential for the establishment of a civil society based on democratic principles in rural Africa. Or maybe it is because of the astounding resilience of the institutions of chieftaincy. Although firmly established only through colonial administrations in many parts of rural Africa, and co-opted by colonial administrations in the 1950s and 1960s for colonial projects of modernization, they have successfully integrated themselves into postcolonial states and are nowadays well-fettered partners of governmental, non-governmental organizations, and political parties. Chiefs are highly influential in all matters pertaining to land tenure, the regulation of social relations and social security legislation in the rural communities. It seems that especially in southern Africa traditional authorities are strong and have successfully bolstered their elite position in the process of decolonization.2
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abel, Herbert (1954) “Beiträge zur Landeskunde des Kaokoveldes (Südwestafrika),” Deutsche Geographische Blätter, 47(1/2): 7–123.
Alexander, J. (2001) “Technical Development and the Human Factor: Sciences of Development in Rhodesia’s Native Affairs Department,” in S. Dubow (ed.) Science and Society in Southern Africa (Manchester: Manchester University Press), 212–37.
Almeida, João de (1935) Sul de Angola: relatorio de um governo de distrito (1908–1910), 2nd edn (Lisboa: Agencia Geral das Colonias).
Archer, Sean (2002) “Technology and Ecology in the Karoo. A Century of Windmills, Wire and Changing Farming Practices,” in S. Dovers, R. Edgecombe, and B. Guest (eds.) South Africa’s Environmental History: History, Cases and Comparisons (Ohio: Ohio University Press), 112–38.
Bollig, Michael (1997) “When war came the cattle slept…,” Himba Oral Traditions (Köln: Köppe).
Bollig, Michael (1998a) “Power and Trade in Precolonial and Early Colonial Northern Kaokoland,” in P. Hayes, J. Silvester, M. Wallace, and W. Hartmann (eds.) Namibia under South African Rule: Mobility and Containment, 1915–1946 (London: Intermediate Technology Publications), 175–93.
Bollig, Michael (1998b) “The Colonial Encapsulation of the Northwestern Namibian Pastoral Economy,” Africa, 68(4): 506–36.
Bollig, Michael (1998c) “Zur Konstruktion ethnischer Grenzen im Nordwesten Namibias: Ethnohistorische Dekonstruktion im Spannungsfeld zwischen indigenen Ethnographien und kolonialen Texten,” in H. Behrend and Th. Geider (eds.) Lokale Ethnographien in Afrika (Köln: Köppe).
Bollig, Michael (1998d) Framing Kaokoland,” in P. Hayes and J. Sylvester (eds.) The Colonizing Camera (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press).
Bollig, Michael (2002) “Problems of Resource Management in Namibia’s Rural Communities: Transformations of Land Tenure between State and Local Community,” Die Erde, 133: 155–82.
Bollig Michael (2006) Risk Management in a Hazardous Environment: A Comparative Study of Two Pastoral Societies. (Pokot NW Kenya and Himba NW Namibia) (New York: Springer).
Bollig, Michael (2007) “Success and Failure of CPR Management in an Arid Environment: Access to Pasture, Environment and Political Economy in Northwestern Namibia,” in H. Leser (ed.) The Changing Culture and Nature of Namibia: Case Studies. The Sixth Namibia Workshop Basel 2005. In Honour of Dr. h.c. Carl Schlettwein (1925–2005) (Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien), 17–35.
Bollig, Michael and Heike Heinemann (2002) “Nomadic Savages, Ochre People and Heroic Herders: Visual Presentations of the Himba of Namibia’s Kaokoland,” Visual Anthropology, 15: 267–312.
Botha, Christo (2005) “People and the Environment in Colonial Namibia,” South African Historical Journal, 52: 170–90.
Clarence-Smith, William (1978) “Capitalist Penetration Among the Nyaneka of Southern Angola, 1760’s to 1920’s,” African Studies 37(2): 163–76.
Corbett, A. and B. Jones (2000) “The Legal Aspects of Governance in CBNRM in Namibia.” Research Discussion Paper No. 41. Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Windhoek, p.25.
Emmett, Tony (1999) Popular Resistance and the Roots of Nationalism in Namibia, 1915–1966 (Switzerland: Basler Afrika Bibliographien).
Esser, M. (1897) “Meine Reise nach dem Kunene im nördlichen Grenzgebiet von Deutsch Südwest-Afrika,” Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, 24: 103–13.
Fisiy, Cyprian (1995) “Chieftaincy in the Modern State: An Institution at the Crossroads of Democratic Change,” Paideuma, 41: 49–62.
Friedman, John (2005) “Making Politics, Making History: Chiefship and the Post-Apartheid State in Namibia,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 31: 23–52.
Hayes, Patricia, Jeremy Sylvester, Marion Wallace, and Wolfram Hartmann (1998) Namibia under South African rule: Mobility & Containment, 1915–46 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Hinz, Manfred (2003) Without Chiefs There would be No Game. Customary Law and Nature Conservation (Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers).
Hitzeroth, Helmut Walter (1976) “On the Identity of the Stone-Working Tjimba of South West Africa,” Cimbebasia, B2: 209–26.
Jones, Brian (1999) Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Botswana and Namibia: An Inventory and Preliminary Analysis of Progress (London: International Institute of Environment and Development).
Kessel, Ineke van and Barbara Oomen (1999) “One Chief, One Vote: The Revival of Traditional Authorities in Post-Apartheid South Africa,” in E. A. B. van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal and R. van Dijk (eds.) African Chieftaincy in a New Socio-Political Landscape (Leiden: African Studies Centre), 155–80.
Kyed, Helen Maria and Lars Buur (2007) “Introduction: Traditional Authority and Democratization in Africa,” in Lars Buur and Helen Maria Kyed (eds.) A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities: State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Legal Assistance Centre & Namibia National Famers’ Union (2003) Guideline to the Communal Land Reform Act No. 5 of 2002 (Windhoek: LAC & NNFU).
Lau Brigitte (2007) Namibia In Jonker Afrikaner (Windhoek: Nation Archives).
Malan, Johannes Stefanus (1973) “Double Descent among the Himba of South West Africa,” Cimbebasia, Ser. 2(3): 81–112.
Malan Johannes Stefanus (1974) “The Herero-speaking peoples of Kaokoland,” Cimbebasia, Ser. B, 14(2): 113–29.
Mamdani, Mahmood (1996) Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Oomen, Barbara (2005) Chiefs in South Africa: Law, Power and Culture in the Post-Apartheid era (Oxford: James Currey).
Republic of Namibia (1997) “Promulgation of Council of Traditional Leaders Act 1997,” Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, No. 1706, 16 October.
Republic of South Africa (1964). Report of the Commission of Enquiry into South West Africa Affairs 1962–1963 (Cape Town: Cape and Transvaal Printers/Pretoria: the Government Printer).
Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, E. A. B. van (1999) “Chieftaincy in Africa: Three Facets of a Hybrid Role,” in E. A. B. van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal and R. van Dijk (eds.) African Chieftaincy in a New Socio-Political Landscape (Hamburg: Lit Verlag), 21–48.
Siiskonen, Harri (1990) Trade and Socioeconomic Change in Ovamboland, 1850–1906 (Helsinki: Studia Historica).
Skalnik, Peter (2004) “Chiefdom: A Universal Political Formation?,” Focaal: European Journal of Anthropology, 43: 76–98.
SWAPO (1987) To Be Born a Nation: The Liberation Struggle for Namibia (London: Zed Books).
Troup, Freda (1950) In Face of Fear: Michael Scott’s Challenge to South Africa (London: Faber and Faber).
Trotha, Trutz von (1996) “From Administrative to Civil Chieftaincy: Some Problems and Prospects of African Chieftaincy,” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, (37–8): 79–107.
Viljoen, P. J. (1988) The Ecology of the Desert-Dwelling Elephants Loxodonta Africana (Blumenbach 1797) of the Western Damaraland and Kaokoland, PhD thesis (Pretoria: University of Pretoria).
Warmelo, Nicolaas Jacobus van (1952) Language Map of South Africa (Pretoria: Union of South Africa).
Wolputte, Steven van (2004) “Subject Disobedience: The Colonial Narrative and Native Counterworks in Northwestern Namibia, c. 1920–1975,” History and Anthropology, 15: 151–73.
Werner, Wolfgang (1990) “Playing Soldiers: The Truppenspieler Movement among the Herero of Namibia, 1915 to 1945,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 16(3): 476–502.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2011 Michael Bollig
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bollig, M. (2011). Chieftaincies and Chiefs in Northern Namibia: Intermediaries of Power between Traditionalism, Modernization, and Democratization. In: Dülffer, J., Frey, M. (eds) Elites and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230306486_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230306486_9
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-31857-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-30648-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)