Abstract
On 5 December 1918 a general election meeting was held in the small town of Tonbridge in Kent. The Labour candidate for the constituency, Jack Palmer, was joined on the platform by one Charles Earle Raven, a former army chaplain and Classics master at Tonbridge School. Raven was the son of a successful London barrister and the product of Uppingham School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He had excelled academically as an undergraduate and after his ordination in 1909 he returned to Cambridge to accept the position of Dean of Emmanuel College, where he soon established himself as an original and influential theologian. With his background of social privilege and strong association with elite institutions, Raven was quite representative of the generation of Anglican clergy that served as army chaplains during the war. When he addressed the meeting at Tonbridge, however, he went somewhat further than urging those present to support Mr Palmer. ‘I am’, he declared, ‘a member of the working class as I earn my bread with the sweat of my brow. I have seen hundreds of men die in one faith. We are therefore pledged to bring in a new order. If we fail we shall have lied to the dead, and those men will have died in vain’.1 Raven’s initial interest in the plight of the working classes can be traced to ten months spent in Liverpool after his graduation, but the extraordinary identification with the cause of Labour that he chose to express at Tonbridge was the result of his experience as a padre in France.
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Notes
The initial assault on Vimy Ridge has been referred to as ‘the first really striking success in British trench warfare’. The action was designed to draw German troops away from the French sector in advance of the disastrous Nivelle Offensive. J. Bourne and G. Sheffield Douglas Haig War Diaries, p. 278. For details of the offensive, see Nigel Cave (1996) Arras: Vimy Ridge (London: Leo Cooper).
Charles Raven (1935) Is War Obsolete? (London: George Allen & Unwin), pp. 45–7.
Carolyn Scott (1977) Dick Sheppard — a Biography (London: Hodder & Stoughton), p. 62. Lady Dudley, founder and patron of the volunteer hospital, was the wife of the Governor-General of Australia, William Ward, the 2nd Earl of Dudley. Sheppard was succeeded as padre of the hospital by the prominent Christian socialist, J. G. Adderley.
For a detailed account of the origins of the hospital, see Andrew Paterson (1934) Happy Dispatches (Sydney: Angus & Robertson), Chapter 13, ‘Lady Dudley’.
Cosmo Gordon Lang, as cited in R. Ellis Roberts (1942) H.R.L. Sheppard, His Life and Letters (London: John Murray), p. 79.
The proposed assembly would rule on any legislative changes in the Church, such as the creation of new dioceses or new clerical livings. Traditionally, legislative change had to be introduced and passed in the House of Lords, and latterly in the House of Commons. The perceived flaw with this system was that the members of the House rarely had the time or the inclination to discuss ecclesiastical matters in depth. This was especially the case during the war. The result was that Church reforms took a long time to be implemented and could be decided upon by MPs who were indifferent to the needs of the Anglican faithful. See Kenneth A. Thompson (1970), Bureaucracy and Church Reform (Oxford: Clarendon).
For an insightful account of the work of the National Mission in 1915–16, see David M. Thompson (1983) ‘War, the Nation and the Kingdom of God’, in W. J. Sheils (ed.), The Church and War, Studies in Church History 20 (London: Blackwell), pp. 337–50.
F. A. Iremonger (1963) William Temple, abridged edition (Oxford: OUP), p. 94.
William Temple (1917) Life and Liberty (London: Macmillan), p. 1.
For an account of the life of P. B. Clayton, see Tresham Lever (1971) Clayton of Toc H (London: John Murray).
For Clayton’s own writings on Talbot House and the movement that it inspired, see John Durham (ed.) (1962) Tubby on Toc H: From the Speeches and Writings of the Reverend P. B. Clayton, Founder Padre of Toc H (London: Toc H).
A short but comprehensive account of the movement’s history to date, and the social work its members are involved in, can be found in J. Rice and K. Prideaux-Brune (1991) Out of a Hop Loft, Seventy Five Years of Toc H (London: Darton, Longman & Todd).
P. B. Clayton (1929) Plain Tales from Flanders (London: Longmans, Green & Co.), p. 8.
On leaving Knutsford, Wilson went on to take a degree at Queen’s College, Oxford and was ordained in 1924. By 1938 he had been appointed Dean of the colony of Hong Kong. In 1941 he was consecrated Bishop of Singapore and remained there the following year when the city was occupied by Japanese forces. He spent the rest of the war in captivity, firstly in an internment camp and later in the notorious Changi Gaol where he was brutally tortured. At the end of the war he confirmed a group of Japanese soldiers including some of his former captors. For his leadership and valour during this period he was awarded the CMG in 1946. In 1948 he became Dean of Manchester and in 1953 he became Bishop of Birmingham. John Leonard Wilson Obituary, Times, 19 August 1970; see also R. McKay (1973) John Leonard Wilson, Confessor for the Faith (London: Hodder & Stoughton).
Jay Winter (1996) Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: CUP), p. 104.
For a detailed and absorbing account of the selection, transport and interment of the Unknown Warrior, see Neil Hanson (2005) The Unknown Soldier (London: Doubleday), pp. 327–64.
Gerald Studdert Kennedy (1982) Dog Collar Democracy (London: Macmillan), p. 124. The author is a nephew of the well-known padre.
William Purcell (1971) ‘Birth of a Rebel’, in Kenneth Brill (ed.), John Groser: East London Priest (London: Mowbray), p. 12.
Ibid., p. 29–31 and Christopher Langdon (2008) Square Toes and Formal (Hastings: Hock), p. 46.
Stuart Mews (1980) ‘The Churches’, in Margaret Morris (ed.), The General Strike (London: Journeyman), p. 319.
Donald O. Wagner (1930) The Church of England and Social Reform since 1854 (New York: Columbia UP), p. 306.
See G. A. Studdert Kennedy (1921) Democracy and the Dog Collar (London: Hodder & Stoughton).
Caroline Moorehead (1987) Troublesome People: Enemies of War (London: Hamish Hamilton), p. 123.
H. R. L. Sheppard (1927) The Impatience of a Parson (London: Hodder & Stoughton), p. 62.
Anthony Beavis, the hero of Huxley’s 1936 novel, Eyeless in Gaza, is a pacifist who achieves a sort of spiritual fulfilment by embracing peace. See Aldous Huxley (1936) Eyeless in Gaza (London: Harper).
Charles Raven (1963) The Crucible, January.
P. B. Johnson (1968) Land Fit for Heroes (London: University of Chicago Press), p. 220.
J. L. Hammond (1918) Past and Future (London: Chatto & Windus), pp. 34–5.
George Robb (2002) British Culture and the First World War (Basingstoke: Palgrave), p. 67.
R. Currie, A. D. Gilbert, L. Horsley (eds) (1977) Churches and Churchgoers: Patterns of Church Growth in the British Isles since 1700 (Oxford: Clarendon), pp. 31–2.
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© 2011 Edward Madigan
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Madigan, E. (2011). Veteran Padres and the Idealism of Fellowship in Post-War Britain. In: Faith under Fire. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230297654_7
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