Abstract
Although it might at first sight appear peculiar to devote an entire chapter to the discussion of military security in a book that deals with Civilian Power, there are two particular reasons for doing so. First, as noted above, Civilian Power is by no means pacifistic. It organizes its military security in collective security arrangements if possible, and in collective defence arrangements if necessary.l Secondly, unified Germany is a product of the end of the Cold War in the same way that the Federal Republic was a product of the Cold War itself. Since military confrontation had dominated West Germany’s relationship with the East Central European countries during the Cold War, the military security arrangements that succeeded confrontation merit discussion. Both theory and practice, therefore, necessitate an analysis of how military security was organized in Central Europe in general, and between Germany and its immediate eastern neighbours in particular.
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Notes
Hanns W. Maull and Knut Kirste, ‘Zivilmacht und Rollentheorie’, Zeitschrift Tür Internationale Beziehungen, 3/2 (1996), p. 303; for a discussion of the problems with this broad definition see Henning Tewes, ‘Das Zivilmachtkonzept in der Theorie der Internationalen Beziehungen’, Zeitschrift fur Internationale Beziehungen, 4/2 (1997).
For an overview of American diplomacy towards Germany and the end of the Cold War see Joseph S. Nye and Robert O. Keohane, ‘The United States and international institutions in Europe after the Cold War’, in Joseph S. Nye, Robert O. Keohane and Stanley Hoffmann (eds), After the Cold War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice, Germany Unified and Europe Transformed (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 131–44.
Genscher offers an incomplete discussion of the debate surrounding the speech. See Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen, (Munich: Goldmann, 1997), pp. 709–15.
Genscher, cited in Zelikow and Rice, Germany Unified, p. 175. See also Richard Kiessler and Frank Elbe, Der diploinatische Weg zur deutschen Einheit (BadenBaden: Suhrkamp, 1996), pp. 77–85.
For a discussion of the significance of arms reductions for the diplomacy of the end of the Cold War see Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, Auf Höchster Ebene. Das Ende des Kalten Krieges und die Geheirndiplomatie der Supermachte 1988–1991 (Dusseldorf: Econ, 1994).
Adrian Hyde-Price, ‘Uncertainties of security policy’, in Gordon Smith et al. (eds), Developments in German Politics (London: Macmillan, now Palgrave, 1992), p. 163.
This is not the case for the deployment of Bundeswehr troops in out-of-area missions. For a discussion of the overall consensus see Gunther Hellmann, ‘“Machtbalance und Vormachtdenken sind überholt”: Zum außenpolitischen Diskurs im vereinigten Deutschland’, in Monika Oledick-Krakau (ed.), Außenpolitlscher Wandel in theoretischer und vergleichender Sicht (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1998).
Wolfram Hanrieder, Deutschland, Europa, Amerika, 2nd revised and expanded edn (Paderborn: Schoningh, 1995), p. 449.
Ralf Roloff, Auf dem Weg zur Neuordnung Europas (Vierow bei Greifswald: SH-Verlag, 1995).
Helmut Kohl, ‘Grundlagen und Leitlinien fur eine gemeinsame europäische Zukunft’, Bulletin, no. 26, 5 March 1992, p. 256.
Ottfried Hennig, ‘Prinzipien deutscher Politik und europaischer Partnerschaft’, Bulletin, no. 7, 16 January 1992, p. 46.
Desmond Dinan, Ever Closer Union? (London: Macmillan, now Palgrave, 1994), pp. 471–3; Charles Grant, Delors — Inside the House that Jacques Built. (London: Nicholas Brealey, 1994), pp. 185–90; Keith Middlemas, Orchestrating Europe. The Informal Politics of European Union 1973–1995 (London: Fontana, 1995), pp. 184–93.
For a comprehensive discussion of the differences and similarities in the security policies of East Central European countries see the contributions to August Pradetto (ed.), Ostmitteleuropa, RuAland und die Osterweiterung der NATO (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1996).
Cited in Winfried Munster, ‘Havel huldigt dem Atlantischen Bundnis’, Sitddeutsche Zeitung, 22 March 1992.
Edith Heller, ‘Polen möchte Schutz der NATO’, Frankfurter Rundschau, 14 March 1992.
Rudiger Moniac, ‘Polen sucht Schutz vor Unruhe im Osten’, Die Welt, 25 March 1992.
Rudiger Moniac, ‘Polen sucht Schutz vor Unruhe im Osten’, Die Welt, 25 March 1992.
Geremek’s speech is reprinted in Roland Freudenstein (ed.), VII. DeutschPolnisches Forum: (Bonn: Europa-Union Verlag, 1993), p. 53.
For a juxtaposition of Nato and the Warsaw Pact see John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know. Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), chapter 7; for the effect the weaker European states had on American decision making in Nato, see Thomas Risse-Kappen, Co-operation Among Democracies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
See, for instance, Philip H. Gordon, France, Germany, and the Western Alliance (Oxford: Westview, 1995), pp. 46–53.
Michael Mandelbaum, The Dawn of Peace in Europe (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1996).
Rühe, ‘Gestaltung euro-atlantischer Politik’, p. 232. The stabilization of East Central Europe had long been a preoccupation of Rühe’s. See the speeches on EU enlargement cited in Chapter 3. See also, for instance, his ‘Verantwortung Deutschlands in der internationalen Volkergemeinschaft’, Bulletin, no. 6, 18 January 1997, pp. 41–4.
Francoise Manfrass-Sirjacques, ‘Frankreichs Position zur NATO-Osterweiterung’, in August Pradetto (ed.), Ostmitteleuropa, RuAland und die Osterweiterung der NATO (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1996). Gordon, France, Germany, and the Western Alliance.
Trevor Taylor, ‘Großbritannien und die Erweiterung der NATO’, in Pradetto (ed.), Ostmitteleuropa, Ru/.iland und die Osterweiterung der NATO.
Manfred Knapp, ‘Europäische Sicherheit und die Osterweiterung der NATO aus der Sicht der USA’, in Pradetto (ed.), Ostmitteleuropa, RuAland und die Osterweiterung der NATO.
‘Wir handeln “out of area” und sind sehr wohl “in business” ‘, reprinted in Manfred Worner, Für Frieden in Freiheit (Berlin: edition q, 1995), p. 289. For an example of how Ruhe played on Wörner’s support see Ruhe’s speech, ‘Deutsche Sicherheitspolitik vor neuen Aufgaben’, Bulletin, no. 83, 8 October 1993, p. 952.
Uwe Nerlich, ‘Neue Sicherheitsfunktionen der NATO’, Europa-Archiv, 23 (1993), p. 670.
For a discussion of what follows see Nick Williams, ‘Partnership for Peace: permanent fixture or declining asset?’, Survival, 38/1 (1996).
Kurt Kister, ‘Washingtoner Absage an Rühe und Wörner’, Suddeutsche Zeitung, 18 December 1993.
‘Ruttgers: Gefahr im Verzug’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 22 December 1993. In January, Heiner Geigler, former CDU general secretary, and Wolfgang Schäuble, the CDU/CSU parliamentary leader, also argued in favour of Nato enlargement with reference to the Duma elections. See dpa press release, NATO/Beitritt’ (Zweite Zusammenfassung), 8 January 1994.
‘Fur die Osterweiterung der Nato’, in Friedbert Pfluger, Die Zukunft des Ostens liegt im Westen (Dusseldorf and Vienna: econ, 1994), pp. 113–14, see also Friedbert Pfluger, ‘Polen — unser Frankreich im Osten’, in Wolfgang Schäuble and Rudolf Seiters (eds.), Au/Ienpolitik im 21. Jahrhundert. Die Thesen der jungen Auftnpolitiker (Bonn: Bouvier, 1996).
We thus have a slightly different interpretation here than Reinhard Wolf, ‘The doubtful mover: Germany and NATO expansion’, in David J. Haglund (ed.), Will NATO go East? (Belfast: Queens University, Centre for International Relations, 1996).
Wolfgang Pailer, Stanislaw Stomma. Nestor der deutsch- polnischen Aussohnung (Bonn: Bouvier, 1995), p. 157.
Helmut Kohl, ‘Erklarung der Bundesregierung zum NATO-Gipfel in Brussel, Bulletin, no. 3, 17 January 1994, pp. 17–18.
Stephen F. Szabo, ‘Ein Projekt “Made in Germany” ‘, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 24 July 1997.
James M. Goldgeier, ‘NATO expansion: the anatomy of a decision’, Washington Quarterly, 21/2 (1997).
Karsten D. Voigt, ‘Die wichtigste Aufgabe einer neuen Ostpolitik: Die Verwestlichung Osteuropas’, manuscript, 4 February 1992 (obtained from Mr Voigt’s office).
Stefan Kornelius, ‘Schickt den Russen eine klare Botschaft’, Silddeutsche Zeitung, 25 January 1995.
Klaus Kinkel and Andrej Kozyrev, ‘Ruglands Große wird nicht von der Zahl seiner Soldaten bestimmt’, FrankfurterAllgemeine Zeitung, 18 February 1994.
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© 2002 Henning Tewes
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Tewes, H. (2002). Germany and Nato Enlargement. In: Germany, Civilian Power and the New Europe. New Perspectives in German Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289024_6
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