Abstract
It took three and a half years of incessant diplomatic effort to stop the Bosnian wars. During the first three years, these efforts were pursued jointly by a number of European states, with growing US involvement and some Russian participation, acting through intergovernmental entities — the EC/EU, the UN and the Contact Group. These collective mediation attempts failed to produce a settlement. The fighting ended only in November 1995 with the conclusion of the US-mediated Dayton Accords. The ending of the war will be discussed in the next chapter. This chapter will examine the unsuccessful efforts pursued between 1992 and 1994.
A reminder: I use the term Bosnia to refer to the Republic or Bosnia-Herzegovina.
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Notes
Europa Yearbook, 1994, (London: Europa Publications, 1994), p. 556.
Interview, 13 May 1994.
For a comprehensive discussion of the background to the war, see Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup, The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Armonk, NY, and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1999), pp. 16–61; Ivo Banac, ‘Bosnian Muslims: From Religious Community to Socialist Nationhood and Post-Communist Nationhood, 1918–1992’, in Mark Pinson (ed.), The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), pp. 141–4.
Sabrina P. Ramet, Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1962–1991, 2nd edn (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), pp. 177–81.
Lenard J. Cohen, Broken Bonds, 2nd edn (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 139–47.
Baker, The Politics, op. cit., pp. 644–51; David C. Gompert, ‘The United States and Yugoslavia’s Wars’, in Richard H. Ullman (ed.), The World and Yugoslavia’s Wars (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996), pp. 130–3; The Times, 3, 26 and 29 June 1992.
Michael Libal, Limits of Persuasion (Westport: Praeger, 1997), p. 94; Patrick Moore, ‘A New Phase in the Bosnian Crisis?’, RFE/RL Research Report, vol 31, no. 1 (1992), pp. 2–3.
On US sensitivity to the concerns of the Islamic world see Elizabeth Drew, On the Edge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 144.
Michael Libal, Limits of Persuasion, op. cit., p. 91. Libal was one of the principal architects of German policy on Yugoslavia.
Lord Owen’s speech to the Security Council, 13 November 1992, S/PV.3134.
ILM, vol. 31, no. 6 (1992), pp. 1527–48.
Cohen, Broken Bonds, op. cit., pp. 257, 352; Laura Silber and Alan Little, Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation (New York: TV Books, 1996), pp. 258–64.
For Owen’s description of this dilemma, see his speech to the Security Council, S/PV.3134, 13 November 1992. See also David Owen, Balkan Odyssey (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1995), p. 63; Gompert, ‘The United States’, op. cit., p. 134.
Owen, Balkan Odyssey, op. cit., pp. 48–9.
S/26486, 23 September 1993; Owen, Balkan Odyssey, op. cit., pp. 193–217.
Owen, Balkan Odyssey, op. cit., pp. 217–21; Cohen, Broken Bonds, op. cit., pp. 286–96.
Owen, Balkan Odyssey, op. cit., p. 213; Burg and Shoup, The War, op. cit., pp. 280–281.
Article J of the Treaty on European Union — providing for the development of a Common Foreign and Security Policy, to replace the European Political Cooperation mechanism followed by the EC — entered into force on 1 November 1993.
Owen, Balkan Odyssey, op. cit., pp. 290, 293–7, Cohen, Broken Bonds, op. cit., pp. 312–17.
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© 2002 Saadia Touval
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Touval, S. (2002). Collective Mediation in Bosnia, 1992–94. In: Mediation in the Yugoslav Wars. Advances in Political Science: An International Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288669_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288669_7
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