Abstract
Between 1955 and 1966 the Government and the Congress leaders locked horns in anger. The black leadership, stung by the outright rejection of their political demands, sought a wider constituency to define these more clearly and voice them more strongly. The Government began to consolidate apartheid with political partition and a republican constitution so as to secure South Africa for local white rule for all time. A series of dramatic confrontations followed: on the one side, resistance to removals, especially in the rural areas, and the calling of a Congress of the People to adopt a Freedom Charter. On the other, the trial of opposition leaders for treason, the banning of the extra-parliamentary opposition, and the declaration of a republic outside the Commonwealth.
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Bibliographical Notes
15.1 Rural resistance to the apartheid regime
Benson (n. 12.2); Bradford (n. 11.5); Bundy C., ‘Land and liberation — popular rural protest and the national liberation movements in South Africa, 1920–60’, in *Marks and Trapido 254–85; and with Beinart W. J., ‘State intervention and rural resistance: the Transkei, 1900–65’, in Klein M., Peasants in Africa (1980);
Delius P., ‘Sebatakgomo: migrant organisation, the ANC and the Sekhukhuneland revolt’, JSAS 15 (1989) 581–615, and JAH 34 (1993) 293–314; and in *Bonner, Delius & Posel 126–59; Gerhart (n. 12.2);
Hirson B., ‘Rural revolt in South Africa, 1937–51, ICS 8 (1977) 115–32;
Hooper C., Brief Authority (1960);
Horrell et al., Surveys of Race Relations (1956/7 to 1964) (n. 14.7); Lodge (n. 13.4); Luthuli (n. 14.3);
Mager A., ‘Patriarchs, politics and ethnicity in the making of Ciskei, 1945–59’, AS 549 (1995) 49–72; Maylam (n. 9.4);
Mbeki G., The Peasants’ Revolt (1964); Moroney S., ‘The 1950 Witsieshoek rebellion’, AP 3 (1976); Vigne (n. 14.2).
15.2 The Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter, 1955
Ballinger (n. 12.1); Clingman S., Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary (1998); Feit (n. 14.3);
Johns, S and Davis, R. H. Mandela, Tambo and the ANC (1991); Gerhart (n. 12.2); *Karis, Carter and Gerhart III; Lodge (n. 13.4); (1977); Luthuli (n. 14.3);
Mandela N., Long Walk to Freedom (1994); Maylam (n. 4.1);
Mbeki G., The Struggle for Liberation in South Africa: A short History (1992): and Sunset at Mid-day: Latshon’ilang’emini (1996); Polley (n. 17.7); Robertson (n. 14.1);
Sampson (n. 13.5) Suttner R. and Cronin J., 30 Years of the Freedom Charter (1985); Vigne (n. 14.2).
15.3 The first of the major apartheid political trials
Bernstein H., The World that was Ours: the story of the Rwonia Trial (1989); Clingman (n. 15.2); Feit (n. 14.3);
Forman L. and Sachs E. S., The South African Treason Trial (1957);
Horrell M. et al., Survey (n. 15.1) (1956/7) 41–5, (1957/8) 34–7, (1958/9) 44–7, (1959/60) 37–9, (961) 62–3;
Joffe J., The Rivonia Story (1996);
Joseph H., If This be Treason (1963);
Karis T., ‘The South African Treason Trial’, PSQ 77 (1961) 217–39; Lobban, (n. 16.3); Maisels (n. 19.4a); Mandela (n. 15.2); Matthews (n. 12.2);
Sampson A., The Treason Cage (1958), and (n. 13.5);
Stultz N., ‘The politics of security: South Africa under Verwoerd’, JMAS 7 (1969) 3–20; Vigne (n. 14.2).
15.4 Verwoerd’s ‘new vision’ and Macmillan’s ‘wind of change’, 1959–60
Eiselen W. W. M., ‘Harmonious multi-community development’, Opt. (Mar. 1959) 1–15; Hepple (n. 14.4); Kenney (n. 14.4); Lazar (n. 14.4);
Lipton M., ‘Independent Bantustans, IA 48 (1972) 1–19;
Macmillan H., Pointing the Way (1972); Mansergh (n. 14.6); Pelzer (n. 14.4);
Rhoodie N. J., South African Dialogue (1972) 113–210; Schoeman (n. 14.1); Scholtz (n. 14.4);
Verwoerd H. F. in House of Assembly Debates (1959) cols. 6214–27.
15.5 The ANC, the PAC and Sharpeville, 1960
Ballinger (n. 12.1); Benson (n. 12.2); Driver C. J., Patrick Duncan, South African and Pan-African (1980); Gerhart G. (n. 12.2); Glaser C., ‘When are they going to fight? Tsotsis, youth politics and the P.A.C.’, in *Bonner, Delius and Posel 296–315; Johns and Davis (n. 14.3); Lodge (n. 13.4); Luthuli (n. 14.3); Maylam (n. 4.1); Meli (n. 10.3); Ngubane (n. 14.3);
Pogrund B., Sobukwe and Apartheid (1990);
Raboroko P. N. and Nokwe D., ‘Congress and the Africanists’, AS 4 (1960) 24–38;
Reeves J. A., Shooting at Sharpeville (1960); Robertson (n. 14.1); Sampson (n. 13.5); Van Staden (n. 17.8); Vigne (n. 14.2).
15.6 The first republican referendum, October 1960
Carpenter G., Introduction to South African Constitutional Law (1987);
Delius A. R., The Last Division (1959);
Harnetty P., ‘Canada, South Africa and the Commonwealth’, JCPS 2 (1963) 33–44; Heard (n. 13.2);
Kahn E., The New Constitution (1962); Kenney (n. 14.4); Macmillan (n. 15.4); Mansergh (n. 14.6);
Miller J. D. B., Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, 1953–69 (1974) 126–66, and ‘South Africa’s departure’, JCPS 1 (1961) 56–74; O’Meara (n. 14.1); Rhoodie (n. 15.4);
Robinson K. and Madden A. F. (eds), Essays in Imperial Government Presented to Margery Perham (1963);
Wessels F. J., Die Republikeinse Grondwet (1962); Wheare (1960) (n. 11.2);
Worrall D., South African Government and Politics (1971).
15.7 Post-Sharpeville resistance: B. J. Vorster and the political underground
Barrell H., ‘The outlawed South African liberation movements’, in *Johnson 52–93; Benson M., Nelson Mandela (2 edn, 1989); Clingman (n. 15.2); Driver (n. 15.5);
Feit E., African Opposition in South Africa: the Failure of Passive Resistance (1967); and Urban Revolt in South Africa, 1960–4 (1971); Gerhart (n. 12.2); Joffe (n. 15.3); *Karis, Carter and Gerhart; Lodge (n. 13.4);
Mandela N., No Easy Walk to Freedom (1965), and (n. 15.2); Maylam (n. 4.1);
Mbeki G., South Africa: The Peasants’ Revolt (1964), and (n. 15.2); Meer (n. 13.5); Meli (n. 10.3); Sampson (n. 13.5); Schoeman (n. 14.1); Snyman Report (RP51 of 1963) [Paarl riots]; Van Staden (n. 17.8).
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© 2000 T. R. H. Davenport and Christopher Saunders
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Davenport, T.R.H., Saunders, C. (2000). Internal Combustion, 1956–64. In: South Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230287549_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230287549_15
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