Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century, beginning with Gottfried Semper, architects started to look for a “scientific” foundation for the origin of architecture. The classical notion of archetype referred to original ur-forms such as the temple or the basilica, strictly in relation to Greek and Latin history, while Semper extended those ur-forms to the different activities of “primitive” men, such as weaving, potting, and carpentry. Semper was probably one of the most prominent architectural scholars to investigate the regional production of domestic architecture in Europe. He connected medieval buildings of Northern and Southern Germanic countries to some primitive, and vanished, archetype. In his volume Der Stil (1860–1863), he developed his interest for the Fachwerk type of buildings; edifices consisting of the combination of structural carpentry (Gezimmer) and masonry (Gemäuer), either in stone or brick, best illustrated by the example of a mill at Effretikon, near Zurich, which he illustrated with engraved plates (Semper 1860, 1878–1879: vol I–II).
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Notes
E.-E. Viollet-Le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (Paris: France-expansion, 1973); Microform, reproduction of the edition of 1854–1868 (Paris: B. Bance, then, A. Morel, 1854–1868), 10 vol., tome 6, 214–300.
See also: Françoise Arnault, Frédéric Le Play, De la métallurgie à la science sociale (Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 1993), on typology, see 87–99.
Dr Henri Cazalis (Jean Lahor), Une Société à créer pour la protection des paysages français ( Paris: A. Lemerre, 1901 ).
Le Bon is quoted, for instance, in: Georges Sorel, Les Illusions du progrès [originally: Paris, 1908] (Paris: Marcel Rivière, 1911), 2nd edition, p. 332; Le Bon 143–5.
See also Benoit Massin, “From Virchow to Fischer: Physical Anthropology and ‘Modern Race Theories’ in Wilhelmine Germany,” in: Volksgeist as Method and Ethic. Essays on Boasian Ethnography and the German Anthropological Tradition, ed. George W. Stocking, Jr. ( Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1996 ), 79–154.
It is interesting to note that these same categories, under the ironic wording of ‘dolicho-blond’ (for dolichocephalic blond), would be used in the same year by the American sociologist Thorstein Veblen in his Theory of the Leisure Classes [1899] (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 134. See also Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought: 1860–1915 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1945); revised edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955); Id., Social Darwinism in American Thought (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992);
Mark H. Haller, Eugenics. Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963 ).
See Walter Gropius, “Sociological Foundations of Minimal Housing for the Urban Industrial Population,” (Die soziologischen Grundlagen der Minimalwohnung für die städtische Industrielbevölkerung), Die Justiz 5, 1929; French translation by S. Deleule, “La ration raisonnée d’habitat, une sociologie du logement de Gropius,” Amphion, études d’histoire des techniques, ed. Jacques Guillerme, n. 2 ( Paris: Picard, 1987 ), 59–68.
See: Count Harry Kessler, The Diaries of a Cosmopolitan, 1918–1937, trans. and ed. Charles Kessler ( London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971 ), 390.
On German naturism, see Anna Bramwell, Ecology in the Twentieth Century. A History (New Haven, C. T.: Yale University Press, 1989 ), 177–94.
See also Ann P. Linder, Princes of the Trenches: Narrating the German Experience of the First World War (Columbia, S. C.: Camden House, 1996 ).
See “The Rise of the Social,” Gilles Deleuze’s postscript to Jacques Donzelot, La police des familles (Paris: Minuit, 1977); translated from the French by Robert Hurley, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); paperback ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
On the works of this architect, see Norbert Borrmann, Paul Schultze-Naumburg, 1869–1949: Maler, Publizist, Architekt; vom Kulturreformer der Jahrhundertwende zum Kulturpolitiker im Dritten Reich, ein Lebens- und Zeitdokument, mit einem Geleitwort von Julius Posener (Essen: Verlag Richard Bacht GmbH, 1989); see: illustration N. 278.
On post-war photographs of Fachwerk constructions, see Bernd Becher, Hilla Becher, Fachwerkhiluser des Siegener Industriegebietes; Framework Houses of the Siegen Industrial Region (München: Schirmer u.a., 1977); Id., second edition (München: Schirmer/Mosel, 2000); and, Bernd und Hilla Becher, Fachwerkhiluser, ed. Martina Dobbe (Siegen: Museum für Gegenwartskunst, 2001);
Bernd Becher, Hilla Becher, Framework Houses ( Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001 ).
See George L. Mosse, Masses and Man. Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1980, 1987 ), 275–9;
Jeffrey Herf, Reactionary Modernism. Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984)
Chapter IV; Marcus Paul Bullock, The Violent Eye: Ernst Jünger’s Visions and Revisions on the European Right (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992), see 43, 67, 83, where Jünger’s 1963 essay is discussed: Ernst Jünger, Typus, Name, Gestalt (Stuttgart: E. Klett, 1963 ); French translation by François Poncet, Id., Type, nom, figure ( Paris: Christian Bourgois Editeur, 1996 );
Thomas Nevin, Ernst Jünger and Germany. Into the Abyss, 1914–1945 (Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1996), on Jünger’s notion of “type” (Typus), see 134.
The maps are reproduced in Martin Marix-Evans, The Battles of the Somme ( London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996 );
Mike Chappell, The Somme, 1916: Crucible of a British Army ( London: Windrow & Greene, 1995 );
Jay M. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1995 ).
See Jay Winter and Balaine Baggett, 1914–18. The Great War and the Shaping of the Twentieth Century (London: BBC Books, 1996): for Ernst Jünger, see 252–3.
Paul Schultze-Naumburg, Die Gestaltung der Landschaft durch die Menschen, 2nd ed. (München: Callwey, 1922), series “Kulturarbeiten,” N. 7; Id., Die Gestaltung der Landschaft durch die Menschen, 3rd ed. (München: Callwey, 1928), 3 vol.; contents:—Vol. 1. Wege und Strassen. Die Pflanzenwelt und ihre Bedeutung im Landschaftsbilde.—Vol. 2. Der geologische Aufbau der Landschaft und die Nutzbarmachung der Mineralien. Die Wasserwirtschaft.—Vol. 3. Industrielle Anlagen. Siedlungen. The first edition was issued as vol. 7–9 of the 1902 edition of the author’s Kulturarbeiten. The three volumes were published in a single binding as well as separately. The one-volume issue in the Library of Congress, Washington, DC, has a presentation inscription by the author for Adolf Hitler (1889–1945), dated Nov. 1930. For his—reactionary, racist, and völkish—position within the “Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur,” influenced by Alfred Rosenberg, see his book on Art and Race: Id., Kunst und Rasse (München: Lehmann, 1928); 3rd edition (München, J. F. Lehmann, 1938); and his famous lectures on German Art and Architecture, Race, Blood and Soil: Id., Kampf um die Kunst (München, F. Eher Nachf., 1932), published in the series of the “Nationalsozialistische Bibliothek,” (Vol. 36); and, Id., Kunst aus Blut und Boden (Leipzig: Seemann, 1934). Paul Schultze-Naumburg was a close friend of Walther Darré, who will become Minister of Agriculture under the Nazis from 1933 to 1942, and was a populizer of the slogan “Blood and Soil”; they both belonged to the Nordic Ring, and it was Paul Schultze-Naumburg who presented Darré to Adolf Hitler; see Anna Bramwell, Blood and Soil. Walther Darré and Hitler’s Green Party (Bourne End, Bucks., UK: The Kensal Press, 1985), 49 and 75–7. It was in Schultze-Naumburg’s house, Burg Saaleck in Thuringia, that Darré met Ernst Jünger and, later, Martin Heidegger.
The theme of personal beauty will be taken up again, now as the beauty of the Nordic, Teutonic race: Paul Schultze-Naumburg, Nordische Schönheit: Ihr Wunschbild im Leben und in der Kunst (München and Berlin: J. F. Lehmann, 1937 ); and, 2nd edition ( München and Berlin: J. F. Lehmann, 1943 ).
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© 2009 Georges Teyssot
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Teyssot, G. (2009). Settlers, Workers and Soldiers: The Landscape of Total Mobilization. In: Agnew, V., Lamb, J., Spoth, D. (eds) Settler and Creole Reenactment. Reenactment History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244900_2
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