Abstract
World War I, Wilson’s plea for self-determination, and the global depression greatly encouraged existing anti-imperial movements and inspired the emergence of new ones. As early as 1885, Western-educated Indian nationalists founded the Indian National Congress to lobby Britain for home rule and later independence.1 The first Pan-African Conference was held in 1900.2 In 1914, responding to World War I’s outbreak, a Pan-African Congress leader wrote with incredible foresight that
We can only watch and pray. Unarmed, undisciplined, disunited we cannot strike a blow, we can only wait the event. But whatever that may be, all the combatants, the conquerors and conquered alike, will be exhausted by the struggle, and will require years for their recovery, and during that time much may be done. Watch and wait! It may be that the non-European races will profit by the European disaster.3
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Notes
Mike Shepperdson and Colin Simmons, The Indian National Congress Pary and the Political Economy of India (London: Avebury, 1988).
Hakim Adi and Marika Sherwood, Pan African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787 (London: Routledge, 2002).
Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement (New York: Methuen, 1974), 230.
Quoted in Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy in Current Perspectives: The Origins and Prospects of Our International Economic Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), 9.
John Shrecker, The Chinese Revolution in Historical Perspective (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2004).
Lloyd Eastman, Jerome Chen, Suzanne Pepper, and Lyman Van Slyke, The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
Lucian Bianco and Muriel Bell, The Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1945 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1971).
Maurice Meisner, Mao Zedong: A Political and Economic Portrait (New York: Polity, 2007).
Jonathan Spencer, Mao Zedong: A Life (New York: Penguin, 2006).
Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York: Anchor, 2006).
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© 2010 William R. Nester
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Nester, W.R. (2010). The Anticolonial Struggle. In: Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230117389_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230117389_12
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