Abstract
Sexual harassment in Cairo, and in Egypt more widely, is a popular target of government and non-governmental organisation-led prevention efforts. However, I problematise these efforts, arguing that sexual harassment is often reduced to a criminal problem of disorder and disobedience, where solutions focus on individual responsibility without consideration for wider structural forces that influence its prevalence. Through analysing dominant discourses and voices within the anti-sexual harassment movement, the themes of securitisation, moralisation, and privatisation are used to highlight the inadvertent complicity of feminist praxis in sexist authoritarian neoliberal governmentalities under the auspices of ‘gender justice’. Ultimately, I argue that intervention efforts cannot be taken for granted as hallmarks of progress in development or modes of empowerment for women. Rather, they embody a particular set of contradictions and contestations that constitute a ‘gender ritual’ rather than gender justice.
This chapter is based in part on a revised (and condensed) version of my unpublished Master’s thesis, submitted for examination in April 2016.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agarwal, Bina. 1994. A field of one’s own: gender and land rights in South Asia (Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press).
Ahram Online. 2012, October 17. Interior ministry to install cameras in Cairo to detect sexual harassment. Retrieved from: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/55867/Egypt/Politics-/Interior-ministry-to-install-cameras-in-Cairo-to-d.aspx
Al-Ali, Nadje. 2014. Open space reflections on (counter)revolutionary processes in Egypt. Feminist Review 106: 122–128.
Al Jazeera. 2011, June 2. Egyptian army denies ‘virginity tests’ [Video file- Arabic]. Retrieved from: http://www.aljazeera.com/video/middleeast/2011/06/20116255012877754.html
Al Jazeera Arabic. 2014, May 5. Sisi calling on women to stand by his side [Video file - Arabic]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UZwTxm_UbU
Al-Monitor. 2016, May 16. Egypt’s next national security threat: all the single ladies? Retrieved from: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/05/egypt-spinsters-national-security-threat.html#
Ali, Kamran Asdar. 2002. Faulty Deployments: Persuading Women and Constructing Choice in Egypt. Comparative Studies in Society and History 44(2): 370–394.
Amar, Paul. 2011. Turning the Gendered Politics of the Security State Inside Out? Charging the Police with Sexual Harassment in Egypt. International Feminist Journal of Politics 13(3): 299–308.
Amar, Paul. 2013. The security archipelago: Human-security states, sexuality politics, and the end of neoliberalism (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press).
Amnesty International. 2016. Egypt: Authorities order closure of renowned torture rehabilitation centre. Retrieved from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/02/egypt-authorities-close-torture-rehabilitation-centres/
Baden, Sally and Anne Marie Goetz. 1998. Who needs [sex] when you can have [gender]: Conflicting discourses on Gender at Beijing. In C. Jackson and R. Pearson (eds.) Feminist Visions of Development: Gender Analysis and Policy (London: Routledge).
Batliwala, Srilatha. 2007. Taking the power out of empowerment – an experiential account. Development in Practice 17(4-5): 557–565.
Batliwala, Srilatha. 1994. The meaning of women’s empowerment: new concepts from action. In G. Sen, A. Germain and L. C. Chen (eds.) Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment and Right (New York, Boston: Harvard University Press): 127–138.
Cairo Post. 2015, September 25. 310 cameras in place to fight harassment in Eid al-Adha. Retrieved from: http://thecairopost.youm7.com/news/168708/news/310-cameras-in-place-to-fight-harassment-in-eid-al-adha-3
Connell, R.W. 1995. Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Cornwall, Andrea., Elizabeth Harrison and Ann Whitehead. 2007. Gender Myths and Feminist Fables: the Struggle for Interpretive Power in Gender and Development. Development and Change 38(1): 1–20.
Datta, Kavita. 2004. A coming of age? Reconceptualising Gender and Development in Urban Botswana. Journal of Southern African Studies 30(2): 251–268.
Durazo, Ana Clarissa Rojaz. 2007. “We were never meant to survive: Fighting Violence Against Women and the Fourth World War.” In INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence (ed.) The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (Cambridge MA: South End Press): 113–128.
Egyptian Centre for Women’s Rights (ECWR). 2014. 2014: The year of un-fulfilled promises for Egyptian women – Women’s Status Report 2014 Summary. Retrieved from: http://ecwronline.org/?p=6595
Egypt First. 2014, June 13. Video of Sisi: God willing we will prosecute those who even look at the woman citizen, let alone sexually harasses him, with the law [Video file- Arabic]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JNVBBmkrvs
EgyTalkShows. 2014, May 6. Sisi: ‘I love the Egyptian woman’ [Video file - Arabic]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0ne57fKbjs
El-Shakry, Omina. 2005. Barren Land and Fecund Bodies: The Emergence of Population Discourse in Interwar Egypt. International Journal of Middle East Studies 37(3): 351–372.
Elyachar, Julia. 2005. Markets of Dispossession: NGOs, Economic Development, and the State in Cairo (Durham, London: Duke University Press).
Foucault, Michel. 1979. On Governmentality. Ideology and Consciousness 6(1): 5–22.
Hafez, Sherine. 2012. No longer a bargain: Women, masculinity, and the Egyptian uprising. American Ethnologist 39(1): 37–42.
Hafez, Sherine. 2014. Bodies That Protest: The Girl in the Blue Bra, Sexuality, and State Violence in Revolutionary Egypt. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 40(1): 20–28.
HarassMap. 2015. Sexual harassment myths. Retrieved from: http://harassmap.org/en/resource-center/harassment-myths/
Harvey, David. 2005. A brief history of neoliberalism (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press).
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2015. World Report 2015: Egypt. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/egypt
Ilcan, Suzan. 2009. Privatizing Responsibility: Public Sector Reform under Neoliberal Government, Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 46(3): 207–234.
Ilcan, Suzan and Lynne Phillips. 2004. Capacity-Building: The Neoliberal Governance of Development. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d’études du développement 25(3): 393–409.
International Women’s Network. 2016. About. Retrieved from: https://lillanetwork.wordpress.com
Ismail, Salwa. 2011. Authoritarian Government, Neoliberalism and Everyday Civilities in Egypt. Third World Quarterly 32(5): 845–862.
Jad, Islah. 2004. The NGO-isation of Arab Women’s Movements. IDS Bulletin 35(4): 34–42.
Kabeer, Naila. 1994. Reversed realities: Gender hierarchies in development thought (London, New York: Verso).
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1988. Bargaining with Patriarchy. Gender and Society 2(3): 274–290.
Kapoor, Ilan. 2004. Hyper-Self-Reflexive Development? Spivak on Representing the Third World ‘Other.’ Third World Quarterly 25(4): 627–647.
Macleod, Catriona and Kevin Durrheim. 2002. Foucauldian Feminism: The Implications of Governmentality. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 32(1): 41–60.
Mada, Masr. 2014, June 10. National women’s council says assault is used to discredit women. Retrieved from: http://www.madamasr.com/news/national-women's-council-says-assault-used-discredit-women
Madhok, Sumi and Rai, Shirin M. 2012. Agency, Injury, and Transgressive Politics in Neoliberal Times. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 37(3): 645–669.
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 2003. Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity (Durham, London: Duke University Press).
Molyneux, Maxine. 1985. Mobilization without Emancipation? Women’s Interests, the State, and Revolution in Nicaragua. Feminist Studies 11(2): 227–254.
Moser, Caroline. 1989. Gender planning in the third world: Meeting practical and strategic gender needs. World Development 17(11): 1799–1825.
Moser, Caroline. 1993. Gender planning and development: Theory, practice and training (London, New York: Routledge).
National Council of Women. 2015, January 26. Speech by Ambassador Mervat Tallawi, President of the National Council for Women before the conference: “She and Terrorism.” Retrieved from: http://ncwegypt.com/index.php/en/media-centre/ncw-news/147-ncw-s-stand-with-regards-to-the-current-events-and-issues/1594-speech-by-ambassador-mervat-tallawi-president-of-the-national-council-for-women-before-the-conference-entitled-she-and-terrorism
ONtv. 2014a, May 6. Conference for presidential candidate with representatives of the Egyptian woman [Video file - Arabic]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owBc1EmLpA0
ONtv. 2014b, June 11. The President Visits Tahrir Square Sexual Assault Victim to Check on her Health [Video file - Arabic]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRWAa_VBm6A
Rai, Shirin M. 2002. Gender and the political economy of development: From nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Rao, Nitya and Sweetman, Caroline. 2014. Introduction to Gender and Education. Gender and Development 22(1): 1–12.
Rathgeber, Eva M. 2005. Gender and Development as a Fugitive Concept. Gender and Development 26(1): 578–591.
Rose, Nikolas and Peter Miller. 2010. Political power beyond the state: problematics of government. British Journal of Sociology 61: 271–303.
Rose, Nikolas. 1999. Powers of freedom: Reframing political thought (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press).
Rowlands, Jo. 1995. Empowerment Examined. Development in Practice 5(2): 101–106.
Sholkamy, Hania. 2012. The Jaded Gender and Development Paradigm of Egypt. IDS Bulletin 43(1): 94–98.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1985. Three Women’s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism. Critical Inquiry 12: 243–261.
State Information Services (SIS). 2016. Sisi hails armed forces efforts to confront terrorism. Retrieved from: http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticleNews.aspx?ArtID=97756#.V0P3fWOS2Tc
State Information Services (SIS). 2015. ‘Violence against women violates cultural and religious values’: National Strategy to Combat Violence Against Women Strategy (2015–2020). Retrieved from: http://www.us.sis.gov.eg/Ar/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=6838
State Information Services (SIS). 2014. New Strategy for Combatting Terrorism. Retrieved from: http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?ArtID=83487#.V0P34GOS2Tc
Ten TV Network. 2015, November 4. The house is your house: ‘The Egyptian woman is the most who contributes to the state and I respect her the Egyptian woman’ [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnG8ciL_kuw
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nasr, H. (2017). Gender Justice and the Politics of Sexual Harassment in Cairo. In: Lacey, A. (eds) Women, Urbanization and Sustainability. Gender, Development and Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95182-6_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95182-6_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-95181-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-95182-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)