Foreign Policy Discourses and the Construction of Identities

Onnekink, David

doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95136-9_2

Foreign Policy Discourses and the Construction of Identities

David Onnekink²

Chapter
First Online: 09 November 2016

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Abstract

In this chapter, David Onnekink outlines the methodological basis for the three case studies. Arguing that foreign policy is a discursive practice, he shows how two competing foreign policy discourses based on identities were developed by Orangists and Republicans: Universal Monarchy Discourse and Peace and Commerce Discourse. These discourses were built from three early modern basic discourses on international relations – realist, liberal and Protestant. The two partisan discourses are tracked through the Forty Years’ War in Chapters 3, 4 and 5.

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Notes

1.
N. Fairclough, Critical discourse analysis. The critical study of language (London 1995), 56.
2.
S.H. Riggins, ‘The rhetoric of othering’, in ibid. ed., The language and politics of exclusion. Others in discourse (Thousand Oaks/London/New Delhi 1997), 2–3.
3.
Hansen, Security, xiii, xvi.
4.
Hansen, Security, 7.
5.
Hansen, Security, 46. Cf. P. Chilton, Analysing political discourse: theory and practice (London 2004), 56 ff.
6.
Hansen, Security, xvi.
7.
Hansen, Security, 52–53.
8.
Hansen, Security, 213.
9.
Hansen, Security, 52.
10.
Hansen, Security, 54.
11.
P.R. Viotti and M.V. Kauppi, International relations theory. Realism, pluralism, globalism, and beyond (Boston 1999).
12.
T.L. Knutsen, A history of international relations theory (Manchester 1997); L. Ashworth, A history of international thought: from the origins of the modern state to academic international relations (Abingdon 2014; D. Armitage, Foundations of Modern International Thought (Cambridge 2013).
13.
E.g. Knutsen, History, 65.
14.
Ashworth, History, 29–32.
15.
Knutsen, History, 95, 97.
16.
Ashworth, History, 34.
17.
Quoted in Knutsen, History, 65.
18.
Knutsen, History, 65
19.
Knutsen, History, 109–110.
20.
Cf. Viotti and Kauppi, International relations theory, 55, 59.
21.
Cf. E. Keene, International political thought: an historical introduction (Cambridge/Malden 2005), 118.
22.
Translated into Dutch as Franz-Paul de Lisola, Verdediging van staat en gerechtigheid (1667) (Knuttel 9928), 283–284. On Lisola, see C-É. Levillain, Le procès de Louis XIV. Un guerre psychologique. François-Paul de Lisola, citoyen du monde, ennemi de la France (1613–1674) (Paris 2015).
23.
T. Claydon, Europe and the making of England, 1660–1760 (Cambridge 2007), 194. According to Claydon, Universal Monarchy Discourse in England was at its height between 1688 and 1697, whereas Balance of Power discourse came to the fore during the debates on the 1698 and 1700 partition treaties. 158, 194. Thompson, Britain, introduction and chapter 1.
24.
I am thankful to Yolanda Rodríquez Pèrez and Raymond Fagel for pointing me to references to universal monarchy during this period. On the relationship between the Black Legend and Spanish universal monarchy, see K.W. Swart, ‘The black legend during the Eighty Years War’, in E.H. Kossmann and J.S. Bromley, Britain and the Netherlands: papers delivered to the fifth Anglo-Dutch Historical Conference, Vol.5: Some political mythologies (The Hague 1975).
25.
T. Claydon, ‘The revolution in foreign policy’, in T. Harris and S. Taylor, eds, The final crisis of the Stuart monarchy (Woodbridge 2013); S. Pincus, ‘From butterboxes to wooden shoes: the shift in English popular sentiment from anti-Dutch to anti-French in the 1670s’, Historical Journal, 38/2 (1995), 333–61; S. Pincus, ‘Republicanism, absolutism, and universal monarchy’, in G. Maclean, ed., Culture and society in the Stuart Restoration. Literature, drama, history (Cambridge 1995).
26.
S. Schama, The embarrassment of riches. An interpretation of Dutch culture in the Golden Age (London 1991), 54; I. Schöffer, ‘The Batavian myth during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries’, in P.A.M. Geurts and A.E.M. Janssen, eds, Geschiedschrijving in Nederland (The Hague 1981).
27.
G. Groenhuis, ‘Calvinism and the national consciousness: the Dutch Republic as the new Israel’, in A.C. Duke and C.A. Tamse, eds, Britain and the Netherlands VII (The Hague 1981), 118–135; R. Bisschop, Sions Vorst en volk. Het tweede-Israëlidee als theocratisch concept in de gereformeerde kerk van de Republiek tussen ca. 1650 en ca. 1750 (Veenendaal 1993); C. Huisman, Neerlands Israël. Het natiebesef der traditioneel-gereformeerden in de achttiende eeuw (Dordrecht 1983); H. Smitskamp, Calvinistisch nationaal besef in Nederland voor het midden der 17 ^de eeuw (The Hague 1947). Of course this was not an exclusively Dutch phenomenon; cf. P. Ihalainen, Protestant nations redefined: changing perceptions of national identity in the rhetoric of English, Dutch and Swedish public churches (Leiden 2005).
28.
Schama, The embarrassment of riches, 53.
29.
Claydon, Europe.
30.
The obvious parallels between the Whig-Tory and the Republican-Orangist division was noted at the time: D. Coombs, The conduct of the Dutch. British opinion and the Dutch alliance during the War of the Spanish Succession (The Hague 1958), 12–3.
31.
Hansen, Security, 213.
32.
R. Fruin, ‘Het aandeel van den raadpensionaris De Witt aan het Interest van Holland van Pieter de la Court’, De Gids 29 (1865), 459–470.
33.
P. de la Court, Aanwysing der heilsame politike gronden en maximen van de republike van Holland en West-Vriesland (1671), preface, 276, 320.
34.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 243, 306.
35.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 267, 306.
36.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 270.
37.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 1, 248.
38.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 308. A. Weststeijn, Commercial republicanism in the Dutch Golden Age: The political thought of Johan and Pieter de la Court (Leiden 2012), 173.
39.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 1. Cf. Weststeijn, Commercial, 206.
40.
De la Court, Aanwysing, preface, 275.
41.
Weststeijn, Commercial, 207.
42.
De la Court, Aanwysing, preface, 4.
43.
De la Court, Aanwysing, preface, 270.
44.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 253, 255; Cf, Weststeijn, Commercial, 117 ff.
45.
Weststeijn, Commercial, 192.
46.
De la Court, Aanwysing, preface, 297.
47.
De la Court, Aanwysing, preface, 13, 255, 321.
48.
De la Court, Aanwysing, preface, 317.
49.
De la Court, Aanwysing, preface, 11, 313.
50.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 278.
51.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 247.
52.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 279.
53.
De la Court, Aanwysing, 240, 249–250, 281.
54.
P. Valckenier, Verwerd Europa ofte polityke en historische beschrijving der waare fundamenten en oorzaken van de oorlogen en revolutiën in Europa, voornamentlijk in en omtrent de Nederlanden, sedert den jare 1664, gecauseert door de gepretenteerde Universele Monarchie der Franschen… (1675). An updated version was published in 1688.
55.
Valckenier, Verwerd Europa.
56.
Valckenier, Verwerd Europa.
57.
Cf. Charles-Édouard Levillain, ‘The intellectual origins of the Anglo-Dutch alliance 1667–1677’, http://britaix17-18.univ-provence.fr/texte-seance5.php.
58.
Valckenier, Verwerd Europa, 131, 133.
59.
Valckenier, Verwerd Europa 132.
60.
Valckenier, Verwerd Europa 132.
61.
D. Onnekink, ‘Pride and prejudice: Universal Monarchy Discourse and the peace negotiations of 1709–1710’, in De Bruin, Performances.
62.
Valckenier, Verwerd Europa 131, 132.
63.
Valckenier, Verwerd Europa, 55.
64.
Valckenier, Verwerd Europa, 1, 24.
65.
Onnekink, ‘Pride and prejudice’.
66.
See chap. 4.
67.
Valckenier, Verwerd Europa, 265.

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Department of History, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
David Onnekink

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Onnekink, D. (2016). Foreign Policy Discourses and the Construction of Identities. In: Reinterpreting the Dutch Forty Years War, 1672–1713. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95136-9_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95136-9_2
Published: 09 November 2016
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-95135-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-95136-9
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