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Regulating Access and Mobility of Single Women in a “World Class”-city: Gender and Inequality in Delhi, India

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Inequalities in Creative Cities

Abstract

This chapter reflects on the ways in which the concept of the “world class” city, here Delhi, India's national capital, mirrors and generates gendered spaces and discourses (e.g., on independence and safety). These facilitate structural inequalities and concern politics of visualisation and materialisation of single middle-class women. First, restrictions for the access to independent residential living for single upper middle-class women in Delhi are analysed. A focus on public space then draws in the spatial dimension of singleness, linking it to contemporary models of urban development. Second, the interconnections between women’s aspirations of claiming a right to the city are discussed. The chapter highlights the coexistence of urban models, equipped with different and essentially transcultural histories and imaginaries, producing ruptures and tensions in a neoliberal context.

This chapter emerged from a EU-funded research collaboration (HERA Humanities in the European Research Area) entitled “Creating the ‘New Asian Woman’—Entanglements of Urban Space, Cultural Encounters and Gendered Identities in Shanghai and Delhi (SINGLE)” (www.hera-single.de).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Martin Prosperity Institute is based at the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto and has applied the Creativity index to 50 Indian cities, ranking highest the city of Mumbai, followed by Bangalore (Bengaluru) and Delhi. The results are published in the Creative Cities India Report of 2014. URL: http://martinprosperity.org/insight-creative-cities-india/, retrieved on 2.6.2016.

  2. 2.

    See http://smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/What%20is%20Smart%20City.pdf, retrieved on 2 June 2016.

  3. 3.

    See http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2015/6/lakshmi-puri-safe-cities-statement, retrieved on 2 June 2016.

  4. 4.

    Kumar, Alok P. & Srijoni Sen, in http://thewire.in/2015/06/01/divided-cities-cannot-be-smart-cities-2878/, retrieved on 2 June 2016.

  5. 5.

    Alice Charles for the World Economic Forum 2016 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/india-wants-to-create-100-smart-cities-how-can-it-get-there, retrieved on 2 June 2016.

  6. 6.

    Much research on gender in cities of the Global South has focused on lower-class migrant women, e.g., with a focus on the rapid growth of cities in Asia, leading to an increasing demand for informal female labour migration linked to sectors such as care work, the sex industry, industrial labour, or low-paid domestic services (see Yeoh and Ramdas 2014). Jarvis et al. (2009) place gender and inequality centrally, even if gender is not always ‘clearly visible’. Chant (2016: 12) highlights research on gender-based violence in slums, challenging gender equality—inequality on the basis of health, employment, education.

  7. 7.

    Twenty-one percent (73 millions) of India’s female population is constituted by unmarried, divorced, separated, or widowed women spending power in many cases has attracted attention of businesses. Working power and educational training make this group suitable for new service sectors. There is a 40 % growth of single women between 2001 and 2011 (census data), with women between 20 and 29 years constituting the sharpest rise of 68 percent (Fernandes, Dhar 2015).

  8. 8.

    According to Situmorang (2007), the social pressure on women living alone in Indonesian metropoles is high, and can often only be born if the single is well educated and financially independent.

  9. 9.

    I thank Lucie Bernroider for this information which comes from her research on young middle class women in South Delhi as part of the HERA-Single project.

  10. 10.

    In 2011, circa 3 percent single women invested in real estate (source: National Real Estate Development Council, see Dhamija and Bagchi 2011).

  11. 11.

    See http://www.jagori.org/projects, retrieved on 2 June 2016.

  12. 12.

    See http://www.safedelhi.in/safe_delhi_campaign.html, retrieved on 2 June 2016.

  13. 13.

    http://www.newgeography.com/content/002545-the-evolving-urban-form-delhi, retrieved on 9 April 2016.

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Brosius, C. (2017). Regulating Access and Mobility of Single Women in a “World Class”-city: Gender and Inequality in Delhi, India. In: Gerhard, U., Hoelscher, M., Wilson, D. (eds) Inequalities in Creative Cities. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95115-4_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95115-4_10

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