Skip to main content

Strategy, Implementation and Means

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Europe as a Stronger Global Actor

Part of the book series: European Administrative Governance ((EAGOV))

  • 847 Accesses

Abstract

Strategy risks being, literally, academic unless it is related to means. An overambitious strategic agenda that pays little heed to whether or not it can be implemented will lead to further frustration. Three components are essential for the implementation of any overarching strategy for the EU’s external actions—coherence, effectiveness and visibility. There are reasons for cautious optimism in the case of all three following the introduction of new positions and structures in the Lisbon Treaty. The introductions of the High Representative/Vice-President and the European External Action Service are worthy of particular note. Coherence, effectiveness and visibility are all important to the implementation of strategy, but a strategy that is overly cautious and framed around current constraints risks being uninspiring. One that takes little notice of means risks being unrealistic. It will be difficult to find a middle ground.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aggestam, L. 2004. Role Identity and the Europeanisation of Foreign Policy. In Rethinking EU Foreign Policy, ed. B. Tonra and T. Christiansen, 81–99. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, R., and K. Raik. 2013. The EEAS and National Diplomacies, EPC Issue Paper No. 73, March.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barroso, J.M. 2009. Mission Letters from President Barroso to the Commissioners Designate, 27 November, available at http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/mission_letters/index_en.htm

  • Bátora, J.2013. The “Mitrailleuse Effect”: The EEAS as an Interstitial Organization and the Dynamics of Innovation in Diplomacy. Journal of Common Market Studies 51(4): 598–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyers, J., and G. Dierickx.1998. The Working Groups of the Council of the EU: Supranational or Intergovernmental Negotiations? Journal of Common Market Studies 36(3): 289–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyers, J., and J. Trondal. 2004. How Nation-States “Hit” Europe Ambiguity and Representation in the EU. West European Politics 27(4): 919–942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bickerton, C.J. 2011. European Foreign Policy: From Effectiveness to Functionality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blockmans, S., and S. Russack. 2015. The Commissioners Group on External Action—Key Political Facilitator. CEPS Special Report, No. 125, December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Börzel, T.A. 2002. Pace-Setting, Foot-Dragging, and Fence-Sitting: Member State Responses to Europeanization. Journal of Common Market Studies 40(2): 193–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bossuyt, F. 2009. The Social Dimension of the New Generation of EU FTAs with Asia and Latin America: Ambitious Continuation for the Sake of Policy Coherence. European Foreign Affairs Review (5): 703–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaban, N., O. Elgström, and M. Holland. 2006. The EU as Others See It. European Foreign Affairs Review 11: 245–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J., and A. Jones.2011. “Telling Stories about Politics”: Europeanization and the EU’s Council Working Groups. Journal of Common Market Studies 49(2): 341–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Council of the EU. 2010. Council Decision Establishing the Organisation and Functioning of the European External Action Service, 2010/427/EU, 26 July. Council Presidency. 2014. Council Presidency to the Permanent Representatives Committee/Council, EC Follow-up Thematic Debate on Strategic Agenda Priorities: The Union as a Strong Global Actor, CO EUR-PREP 46, Brussels, 9 December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, M. 2008. A European Epistemic Community of Diplomats. In The Diplomatic Corps as an Institution of International Society, ed. P. Sharp and G. Wiseman, 223–245. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, M. 2010. Epistemic Communities and the Transnational Network Approach to EU Diplomacy and Security Policy. In Sustainable Diplomacies, ed. C.M. Constantinou and J. Derian, 192–212. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Declaration on Political Accountability. 2010. Draft Declaration by the High Representative on Political Accountability, 2010/c 210/01.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, S. 2011. Consistency, Coherence and EU External Action: The Path to Lisbon and Beyond. In European Foreign Policy: Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. P. Koutrakos, 15–55. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, S. 2013. The EEAS and Public Diplomacy. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, No. 127, September. Den Haag: Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”.Duke, S. 2014. Intelligence and EU External Relations: Operational to Constitutive Politics. In The Politics of Information: The Case of the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, S., and S. Vahnoonacker. 2006. Administrative Governance in the CFSP: Development and Practice. European Foreign Affairs Review 11: 163–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • EEAS. 2013. EEAS Review, July. Available at https://eeas.europa.eu/library/publications/2013/3/2013_eeas_review_en.pdf.

  • ———. 2014. 2013 Annual Activity Report, EEAS, Ref. Ares(2014)1114497, 9 April.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———.2015. The European Union in a changing global environment. A more connected, contested and complex world.

    Google Scholar 

  • EEAS Review. 2013. EEAS Review, available at http://eeas.europa.eu/library/publications/2013/3/2013_eeas_review_en.pdf

  • Erkelens, L., and S. Blockmans 2012. Setting Up the EEAS: An Institutional Act of Balance. CLEER Working Paper, Number 1. Den Haag: Centre for the Law of EU External Relations.

    Google Scholar 

  • EurActiv. 2014. Georgieva Considers Commission’s “Clusertisation”, 23 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. 2006. Europe in the World: Some Practical Proposals for Greater Coherence, Effectiveness and Visibility, Communication from the Commission to the European Council, COM(2007) 287 final, 9 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010a. Communication and Visibility Manual for EU External Actions. Brussels: EuropeAid Cooperation Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010b. Statement by Gilles de Kerchove, EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator (Commission Audiovisual Services), 6 October, available at http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?ref=I093522

  • ———. 2013. High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and European Commission, Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council: The EU’s Comprehensive Approach to External Conflict and Crises, JOIN(2013) 30 Final, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015a. Implementing the European Commission 2014–2019 Working Methods: Instructions to Services, 6 January.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. European Union, Trade in Goods with USA, D-G Trade, 26 October.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gstöhl, S. 2013. The EU’s Trade Policy. Ritsumeikan International Affairs 11: 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henökl, T. 2014. Conceptualizing the European Diplomatic Space: A Framework for Analysis of the EEAS. Journal of European Integration 6(5): 453–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmeister, F. 2015. The EU as an International Trade Negotiator. In The EU as a Diplomatic Actor, ed. J.A. Koops and G. Macaj. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • House of Lords. 2015. The EU and Russia: Before and Beyond the Crisis in Ukraine, EU Committee, 6th Report of Session 2014–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juncker, J.-C. 2014a. A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Jobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change, Strasbourg, 15 July.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juncker, J.-C 2014b. Mission Letter: Federica Mogherini, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Policy and Security Policy/Vice-President of the European Commission, from Jean-Claude Juncker, President-elect of the European Commission, Brussels, 10 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— 2014c. Mission Letter, Neven Mimica, Commissioner for International Cooperation and Development from Jean-Claude Juncker, President-elect of the European Commission, Brussels, 10 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juncos, A., and K. Pomorska. 2011. Invisible and Unaccountable? National Representatives and Council Officials in EU Foreign Policy. Journal of European Public Policy 18(8): 1096–1114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keohane, D., S. Lehne, U. Speck, and J. Techau. 2014. A New Ambition for Europe: A Memo to the EU Foreign Policy Chief, Carnegie Europe, 29 October.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keohane, R., and J. Nye. 1974. Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehne, S. 2015. Are Prime Ministers Taking Over EU Foreign Policy?, February. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucarelli, S., and L. Fioramonti, eds.2010. External Perceptions of the EU as a Global Actor. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahony, H. 2010. Ashton under Fire for Not Going to Haiti, EU Observer, 19 January.

    Google Scholar 

  • Missiroli, A. 2014. On Juncker’s List: Improving EU External Action, Issue Alert, EU Institute for Security Studies, July.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, L. 2015. Deconstructing Donal Tusk’s Russia Tweets, Wall Street Journal, 27 January.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portela, C., and K. Raube. 2012. The EU Polity and Foreign Policy Coherence. Journal of Contemporary European Research 8(1): 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quaglia, L. 2008. How Does Expertise Influence Negotiations in the EU?, UCD Dublin European Institute, Working Paper 09-09, May.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radaelli, C.M., and S.A. Banducci. 2008. Bureacratic Elites in the EU: Socialization, Institutional Effects, and Policy Domains. Paper presented at BISA Conference 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rettman, A. 2015. Russia Finds Few Friends in EU Sanctions Talks, EU Observer, Brussels, 20 January.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieker, P. 2006. Europeanization of National Security Identity: The EU and the Changing Security Identities of the Nordic States. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter, A.-M. 2004. A New World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Spence, D. 2012. The Early Days of the EEAS: A Practitioner’s View, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 7. No.1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vimont, P. 2015. The Path to an Upgraded EU Foreign Policy, Policy Outlook, Carnegie Europe, June.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simon Duke .

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Duke, S. (2017). Strategy, Implementation and Means. In: Europe as a Stronger Global Actor . European Administrative Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94945-8_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics